{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4364322715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3265759","title":"Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Sensor for Perception of Force Magnitude, Location, and Contacting Orientation","display_name":"Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Sensor for Perception of Force Magnitude, Location, and Contacting Orientation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4364322715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3265759"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3265759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3265759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340856","display_name":"Min Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-3420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047068714","display_name":"Jingjing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-8617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000329768","display_name":"Ruomao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-4469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruomao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081492877","display_name":"Tianyi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0151-843X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029733263","display_name":"Wei Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3080-4902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448655","display_name":"Rui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4421-760X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100639062","display_name":"Jiachen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-6686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiachen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361885","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100340856"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77675801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.6470589637756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-force","display_name":"Contact force","score":0.6212987899780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5211008787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneity","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","score":0.5173999071121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.48587125539779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.470567911863327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnitude","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","score":0.4516911506652832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-metal","display_name":"Liquid metal","score":0.4282938838005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.39899906516075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.333404004573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.332901269197464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17484116554260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15862441062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10694423317909241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6470589637756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916417","display_name":"Contact force","level":2,"score":0.6212987899780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5211008787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142259097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891314","display_name":"Homogeneity (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5173999071121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.48587125539779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.470567911863327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4516911506652832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778492893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6557453","display_name":"Liquid metal","level":2,"score":0.4282938838005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.39899906516075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.333404004573822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.332901269197464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17484116554260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15862441062927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10694423317909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3265759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3265759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/349900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/349900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1581548121","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECS-21212720","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2658031259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11212321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3482125204","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11217922","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541263549","https://openalex.org/W1995042675","https://openalex.org/W2148605012","https://openalex.org/W2155310328","https://openalex.org/W2296432816","https://openalex.org/W2315744054","https://openalex.org/W2338335755","https://openalex.org/W2558949224","https://openalex.org/W2609205766","https://openalex.org/W2620173762","https://openalex.org/W2790775803","https://openalex.org/W2885021451","https://openalex.org/W2967307231","https://openalex.org/W2968691566","https://openalex.org/W2976719022","https://openalex.org/W3006263630","https://openalex.org/W3006826732","https://openalex.org/W3015669215","https://openalex.org/W3016500591","https://openalex.org/W3041274656","https://openalex.org/W3046996058","https://openalex.org/W3048440772","https://openalex.org/W3111745425","https://openalex.org/W3118979902","https://openalex.org/W3123302647","https://openalex.org/W3130589561","https://openalex.org/W3182010148","https://openalex.org/W3207209571","https://openalex.org/W4210256037","https://openalex.org/W4212788620","https://openalex.org/W4221037604","https://openalex.org/W4226227736","https://openalex.org/W4281569945","https://openalex.org/W4282833646","https://openalex.org/W4282912956","https://openalex.org/W4285108614","https://openalex.org/W4291674581","https://openalex.org/W4293704386","https://openalex.org/W4296425581","https://openalex.org/W4304974801","https://openalex.org/W4312798443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376418092","https://openalex.org/W2072983018","https://openalex.org/W1016952678","https://openalex.org/W2257644995","https://openalex.org/W2059493168","https://openalex.org/W2188141918","https://openalex.org/W1999392235","https://openalex.org/W4311345787","https://openalex.org/W2257646557","https://openalex.org/W1970662124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexible":[0],"sensors":[1,27],"have":[2],"the":[3,12,42,59,87,97,102,120,131,134,157,163,167,174,189,209,220,232],"advantage":[4],"to":[5,9,29,40,130,194,237],"enable":[6],"intelligent":[7],"systems":[8,57],"interact":[10],"with":[11,14,106,150,159,203,244],"environment":[13],"high":[15,245],"safety":[16],"and":[17,33,53,64,72,90,118,143,179,212,247,261],"versatility.":[18],"Liquid":[19],"metal":[20,48,104,148],"is":[21,38,128,138,186,229],"a":[22,81,126,204,213],"useful":[23],"element":[24],"for":[25,58,84,208,219,225,254,258],"flexible":[26,132],"due":[28],"its":[30,51],"stretchable,":[31],"reconfigurable,":[32],"healing":[34],"characteristics.":[35],"However,":[36],"it":[37],"difficult":[39],"decode":[41],"stimuli":[43,144,177],"position":[44,198,214],"using":[45],"uniform":[46],"liquid":[47,103,123,147],"because":[49],"of":[50,61,122,136,216],"homogeneity":[52],"fluidity.":[54],"Current":[55],"sensing":[56,70,86,242,249],"perception":[60],"force":[62,88,127,175,184],"magnitude":[63,89],"contact":[65,91,226],"location":[66,92,142],"mostly":[67],"rely":[68],"on":[69,140],"arrays":[71],"massive":[73],"crossover":[74,94],"electrodes.":[75,95],"In":[76,96],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"we":[79,100,170],"proposed":[80,240],"novel":[82],"method":[83],"simultaneously":[85,172],"without":[93],"new":[98],"design,":[99],"encapsulate":[101],"electrodes":[105],"varying":[107],"cross-sections":[108],"in":[109,156,188],"two":[110],"silicon":[111],"layers":[112],"that":[113],"function":[114],"as":[115],"protective":[116],"skin":[117],"govern":[119],"geometry":[121],"metals.":[124],"When":[125],"applied":[129],"sensor,":[133],"change":[135],"resistance":[137,153],"dependent":[139],"both":[141],"magnitude.":[145],"Three":[146],"channels":[149],"different":[151],"gradient":[152],"are":[154],"embedded":[155],"prototypes":[158],"parallel":[160],"distributions.":[161],"Combining":[162],"signals":[164],"collected":[165],"from":[166,191,235],"three":[168],"channels,":[169],"can":[171,199],"measure":[173],"magnitude,":[176],"location,":[178],"contacting":[180],"orientation.":[181],"The":[182,197,223,239],"overall":[183],"resolution":[185,215],"sub-Newton":[187],"range":[190,250],"0.5":[192],"N":[193],"20":[195],"N.":[196],"also":[200],"be":[201],"determined":[202],"100%":[205],"success":[206],"rate":[207],"segmented":[210],"sensor":[211],"2":[217],"mm":[218],"continuous":[221],"sensor.":[222],"error":[224],"orientation":[227,233],"measurement":[228],"4.58\u00b0":[230],"when":[231],"ranges":[234],"45\u00b0":[236],"135\u00b0.":[238],"multifunctional":[241],"device":[243],"accuracy":[246],"wide":[248],"has":[251],"significant":[252],"potential":[253],"developing":[255],"interactive":[256],"interfaces":[257],"human-machine":[259],"interactions":[260],"industrial":[262],"applications.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}