{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322576461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3249246","title":"Laser Feedback Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave LiDAR and 3-D Imaging","display_name":"Laser Feedback Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave LiDAR and 3-D Imaging","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322576461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3249246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3249246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3249246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398531","display_name":"Yifan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6927-3638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6927-3638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030461524","display_name":"Ziyu Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-4584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-4584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080516387","display_name":"Jia-Chen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-1729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiachen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-1729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048111997","display_name":"Zongren Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-4839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongren Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-4839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000016143","display_name":"Jiagang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-2150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiagang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-2150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070734835","display_name":"Liyang Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1272-1959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyang Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1272-1959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101451173","display_name":"Y. X. Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9906-7875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9906-7875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.5632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9881695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.7064028978347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave","display_name":"Continuous wave","score":0.6640041470527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6471366882324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5493717193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5036877989768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4538669288158417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.44822272658348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.44312453269958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4346848726272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4316827058792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.4130629897117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.391045480966568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.31407642364501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.225253164768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1669052243232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15419408679008484}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.7064028978347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99568719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129003","display_name":"Continuous wave","level":3,"score":0.6640041470527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6471366882324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5493717193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5036877989768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4538669288158417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.44822272658348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.44312453269958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4346848726272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4316827058792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4130629897117615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.391045480966568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.31407642364501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.225253164768219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1669052243232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15419408679008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3249246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3249246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4431154629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFC2200204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7121823586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51722506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7537297764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021Z11GHX002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330357","funder_display_name":"Tsinghua Initiative Scientific Research Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330357","display_name":"Tsinghua Initiative Scientific Research Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1429826346","https://openalex.org/W1973985573","https://openalex.org/W1975827446","https://openalex.org/W1997012314","https://openalex.org/W2016429483","https://openalex.org/W2023788600","https://openalex.org/W2044058856","https://openalex.org/W2053063380","https://openalex.org/W2061264363","https://openalex.org/W2069681829","https://openalex.org/W2070879006","https://openalex.org/W2076619304","https://openalex.org/W2077798535","https://openalex.org/W2087090828","https://openalex.org/W2092407644","https://openalex.org/W2112390114","https://openalex.org/W2121808419","https://openalex.org/W2123844500","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2329940028","https://openalex.org/W2343277622","https://openalex.org/W2523031672","https://openalex.org/W2565756106","https://openalex.org/W2614394993","https://openalex.org/W2656388046","https://openalex.org/W2744890857","https://openalex.org/W2761155850","https://openalex.org/W2762897752","https://openalex.org/W2801304376","https://openalex.org/W2804793496","https://openalex.org/W2807693005","https://openalex.org/W2887873293","https://openalex.org/W2925191964","https://openalex.org/W2963961758","https://openalex.org/W2973006588","https://openalex.org/W3004765342","https://openalex.org/W3025840600","https://openalex.org/W3047620050","https://openalex.org/W3095493877","https://openalex.org/W3112941204","https://openalex.org/W3120612217","https://openalex.org/W3158270870","https://openalex.org/W3193381821","https://openalex.org/W4220706180","https://openalex.org/W4280616119","https://openalex.org/W4298007713","https://openalex.org/W4310361915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W3044316722","https://openalex.org/W4386096066","https://openalex.org/W4390949145","https://openalex.org/W4386097793","https://openalex.org/W167203484","https://openalex.org/W3047733170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"and":[2,8,21,38,85,94,99,139,154,166],"demonstrate":[3],"a":[4,106,112,172],"novel":[5],"light":[6],"detection":[7,56],"ranging":[9],"(LiDAR)":[10],"system":[11,73,126,159],"for":[12,175,178],"3-D":[13,100],"imaging,":[14],"combined":[15],"with":[16,26,57,67,136],"laser":[17],"feedback":[18],"interferometry":[19],"(LFI)":[20],"frequency-modulated":[22],"continuous-wave":[23],"(FMCW).":[24],"Compared":[25],"the":[27,31,35,42,45,52,72,75,80,90,125,140,157],"conventional":[28],"FMCW":[29],"method,":[30],"intracavity":[32],"interference":[33],"between":[34],"echo":[36],"signal":[37,48],"local":[39],"oscillator":[40],"enhances":[41],"amplitude":[43],"of":[44,77,92,108],"generated":[46],"beat":[47],"effectively,":[49],"which":[50,170],"improves":[51],"sensitivity":[53],"in":[54,133],"weak-signal":[55],"low":[58],"photon":[59],"consumption.":[60],"The":[61],"improvement":[62],"is":[63,97,102,143,151],"still":[64],"effective":[65],"even":[66],"frequency":[68],"modulation":[69],"nonlinearity.":[70],"Besides,":[71],"inherits":[74],"advantages":[76],"FMCW,":[78],"possessing":[79],"capacity":[81],"to":[82],"measure":[83],"position":[84],"velocity":[86,95],"simultaneously.":[87],"In":[88],"experiments,":[89],"validity":[91],"distance":[93,141],"measurement":[96],"demonstrated,":[98],"imaging":[101,128],"realized":[103],"by":[104],"employing":[105],"pair":[107],"beam":[109],"scanners.":[110],"With":[111],"less":[113],"than":[114,145],"<inline-formula":[115],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[116],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[117],"<tex-math":[118],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$200":[119],"\\mu":[120],"\\text{W}$":[121],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[122],"probe":[123],"beam,":[124],"achieves":[127],"over":[129],"65":[130],"m":[131],"away":[132],"various":[134],"scenes":[135],"good":[137],"fidelity,":[138],"resolution":[142],"better":[144],"1":[146],"mm.":[147],"A":[148],"portable":[149],"prototype":[150],"also":[152],"designed":[153],"fabricated.":[155],"Overall,":[156],"proposed":[158],"possesses":[160],"high":[161],"echo-signal":[162],"sensitivity,":[163],"simple":[164],"structure,":[165],"dynamic":[167],"information":[168],"availability,":[169],"provides":[171],"new":[173],"idea":[174],"FMCW-LiDAR":[176],"optimization":[177],"practical":[179],"applications.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
