{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321488291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3246504","title":"Nonintrusive Load Monitoring Based on Self-Supervised Learning","display_name":"Nonintrusive Load Monitoring Based on Self-Supervised Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321488291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3246504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3246504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3246504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054109761","display_name":"Shuyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-6230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-6230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070740938","display_name":"Bochao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9546-3101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bochao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9546-3101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020082868","display_name":"Mingjun Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-1270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjun Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-1270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066641973","display_name":"Wenpeng Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-0465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenpeng Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-0465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042856779","display_name":"Yixin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-4896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-4896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054109761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96253796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7758700847625732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pretext","display_name":"Pretext","score":0.749380350112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7025144696235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.6952792406082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6522063612937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.556987464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5243411660194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.5075089335441589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.5025384426116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3826729953289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34311234951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12677985429763794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7758700847625732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779627259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779763","display_name":"Pretext","level":3,"score":0.749380350112915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7025144696235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.6952792406082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6522063612937927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.556987464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5243411660194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.5075089335441589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.5025384426116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3826729953289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34311234951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12677985429763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3246504","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3246504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2192652497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2066207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6515769242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB0905904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W2217661835","https://openalex.org/W2292311507","https://openalex.org/W2340432652","https://openalex.org/W2390025537","https://openalex.org/W2404840071","https://openalex.org/W2526261332","https://openalex.org/W2559280146","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2569579427","https://openalex.org/W2589634835","https://openalex.org/W2734543588","https://openalex.org/W2767965681","https://openalex.org/W2770861978","https://openalex.org/W2861817451","https://openalex.org/W2908535058","https://openalex.org/W2910525828","https://openalex.org/W2954540134","https://openalex.org/W2971067036","https://openalex.org/W2973157397","https://openalex.org/W3010208964","https://openalex.org/W3015766084","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3095777295","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3102977103","https://openalex.org/W3107101618","https://openalex.org/W3110642985","https://openalex.org/W3114746859","https://openalex.org/W3115244194","https://openalex.org/W3163620325","https://openalex.org/W3171336461","https://openalex.org/W3199873924","https://openalex.org/W4226391362","https://openalex.org/W4243443583","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6676993013","https://openalex.org/W6731748609","https://openalex.org/W6745711503","https://openalex.org/W6765696844","https://openalex.org/W7068012068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3170999895","https://openalex.org/W4389374014","https://openalex.org/W34092691","https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W4287117940","https://openalex.org/W2131513867","https://openalex.org/W4389989304","https://openalex.org/W2036486025","https://openalex.org/W2952937263","https://openalex.org/W1614742790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,48,200],"models":[2,27],"for":[3,17,104,153],"nonintrusive":[4],"load":[5,34,135,151,203],"monitoring":[6],"(NILM)":[7],"tend":[8],"to":[9,23,28,32,79,89,94,108,131,142,150,181],"require":[10],"a":[11,81,85],"large":[12],"amount":[13],"of":[14,39],"labeled":[15,56,124],"data":[16,58,209],"training.":[18],"However,":[19],"it":[20],"is":[21,50,136,148],"difficult":[22],"generalize":[24],"the":[25,60,70,110,114,118,128,140,145,154,175,186,190,211],"trained":[26],"unseen":[29],"sites":[30],"due":[31],"different":[33],"characteristics":[35],"and":[36,171],"operating":[37],"patterns":[38],"appliances":[40],"between":[41],"datasets.":[42,173,213],"For":[43,157],"addressing":[44],"such":[45],"problems,":[46],"self-supervised":[47,86],"(SSL)":[49],"proposed":[51],"in":[52,117,185,193,201],"this":[53],"article,":[54],"where":[55,113],"appliance-level":[57],"from":[59,74,210],"target":[61,75,155,212],"dataset":[62,76],"or":[63],"house":[64],"are":[65,77,101,121,162,179],"not":[66],"required.":[67],"Initially,":[68],"only":[69],"aggregate":[71,91,141],"power":[72,92],"readings":[73],"required":[78],"pretrain":[80],"general":[82],"network":[83,147],"via":[84],"pretext":[87,119],"task":[88,120,184],"map":[90],"sequences":[93],"derived":[95],"representatives.":[96],"Then,":[97],"supervised":[98],"downstream":[99,129],"tasks":[100,130],"carried":[102],"out":[103],"each":[105,134],"appliance":[106],"category":[107],"fine-tune":[109],"pretrained":[111],"network,":[112],"features":[115],"learned":[116],"transferred.":[122],"Utilizing":[123],"source":[125],"datasets":[126],"enables":[127],"learn":[132],"how":[133],"disaggregated,":[137],"by":[138],"mapping":[139],"labels.":[143],"Finally,":[144],"fine-tuned":[146],"applied":[149],"disaggregation":[152,204],"sites.":[156],"validation,":[158],"multiple":[159],"experimental":[160],"cases":[161],"designed":[163],"based":[164],"on":[165,189],"three":[166],"publicly":[167],"accessible":[168],"REDD,":[169],"U.K.-DALE,":[170],"REFIT":[172],"Besides,":[174],"state-of-the-art":[176],"neural":[177],"networks":[178],"employed":[180],"perform":[182],"NILM":[183,191],"experiments.":[187],"Based":[188],"results":[192],"various":[194],"cases,":[195],"SSL":[196],"generally":[197],"outperforms":[198],"zero-shot":[199],"improving":[202],"performance":[205],"without":[206],"any":[207],"submetering":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
