{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319996204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3237816","title":"Source-Free Domain Adaptive Detection of Concealed Objects in Passive Millimeter-Wave Images","display_name":"Source-Free Domain Adaptive Detection of Concealed Objects in Passive Millimeter-Wave Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319996204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3237816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3237816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3237816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013349140","display_name":"Hao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-451X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-451X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101807420","display_name":"Zihan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2144-7904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2144-7904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021131696","display_name":"Anyong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-7590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anyong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-7590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014579261","display_name":"Che Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-8487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768253","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1v5910","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768253","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Che Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-8487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877","https://openalex.org/I4391768253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009237669","display_name":"Tie Jun Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-1497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768253","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1v5910","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391768253","https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tie Jun Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-1497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877","https://openalex.org/I4391768253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040577230","display_name":"Jungang Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8772-7602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungang Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8772-7602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91665393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7531646490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5743875503540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5535206198692322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5087719559669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4593008756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45001477003097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4438289999961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.397651731967926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3901086449623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09312522411346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08915543556213379}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7531646490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5743875503540039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5535206198692322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5087719559669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4593008756637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45001477003097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4438289999961853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.397651731967926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3901086449623108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09312522411346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08915543556213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3237816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2023.3237816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5920940502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SAST2020-081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330207","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7312547826","display_name":"\u517c\u5177\u5feb\u901f\u4eba\u4f53\u6210\u50cf\u4e0e\u5371\u7206\u54c1\u5c5e\u6027\u68c0\u6d4b\u7684\u6beb\u7c73\u6ce2\u4e3b\u88ab\u52a8\u590d\u5408\u975e\u5408\u4f5c\u5b89\u68c0\u65b0\u4f53\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61731001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330207","display_name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015326493","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2582909943","https://openalex.org/W2761343999","https://openalex.org/W2769877289","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2801408617","https://openalex.org/W2842511635","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2908510526","https://openalex.org/W2914353073","https://openalex.org/W2949971031","https://openalex.org/W2962823940","https://openalex.org/W2962852342","https://openalex.org/W2964115968","https://openalex.org/W2968634921","https://openalex.org/W2979579363","https://openalex.org/W2981705647","https://openalex.org/W2993537583","https://openalex.org/W3010381534","https://openalex.org/W3010699739","https://openalex.org/W3015328626","https://openalex.org/W3021747502","https://openalex.org/W3022061250","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3091002423","https://openalex.org/W3092215540","https://openalex.org/W3092433507","https://openalex.org/W3095697905","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3107759164","https://openalex.org/W3110011650","https://openalex.org/W3118963290","https://openalex.org/W3126960890","https://openalex.org/W3127635015","https://openalex.org/W3127957012","https://openalex.org/W3130976481","https://openalex.org/W3134860201","https://openalex.org/W3165113810","https://openalex.org/W3166409449","https://openalex.org/W3174017534","https://openalex.org/W3176720610","https://openalex.org/W3181127262","https://openalex.org/W3183465896","https://openalex.org/W3201612248","https://openalex.org/W3202090009","https://openalex.org/W3204220269","https://openalex.org/W4200225597","https://openalex.org/W4220726952","https://openalex.org/W4220864984","https://openalex.org/W4283332474","https://openalex.org/W4285124694","https://openalex.org/W4285145167","https://openalex.org/W4292198371","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W4312993742","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386066721","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6639480849","https://openalex.org/W6685380521","https://openalex.org/W6713955831","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6773005947","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6777265123","https://openalex.org/W6779977557","https://openalex.org/W6780226713","https://openalex.org/W6787715137","https://openalex.org/W6789505266","https://openalex.org/W6801682309","https://openalex.org/W6801756507","https://openalex.org/W6810520074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2180954594","https://openalex.org/W2052835778","https://openalex.org/W2049003611","https://openalex.org/W2127804977","https://openalex.org/W2108418243","https://openalex.org/W164103134","https://openalex.org/W2787352659","https://openalex.org/W4206560911","https://openalex.org/W1970611213","https://openalex.org/W2283145973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"millimeter-wave":[1],"(PMMW)":[2],"imager":[3],"can":[4,225],"detect":[5],"concealed":[6,245],"objects":[7],"under":[8],"clothing":[9],"in":[10,40,48,152,227,248],"a":[11,141],"touch-free":[12],"manner.":[13],"Existing":[14],"detectors":[15,25],"exhibit":[16],"promising":[17],"performance":[18],"on":[19,123],"specific":[20],"PMMW":[21,154,161,249],"datasets.":[22],"However,":[23],"these":[24],"will":[26],"suffer":[27],"severe":[28],"degradation":[29],"due":[30,88],"to":[31,60,89,98,112,165,173,204,241],"the":[32,37,50,66,69,80,90,109,116,124,129,149,171,183,202,215,222,231,238],"inevitable":[33],"domain":[34,52,55,104,114],"shift":[35],"when":[36],"environment":[38],"changes":[39],"real":[41],"applications.":[42],"To":[43,230],"avoid":[44],"huge":[45],"manual":[46],"efforts":[47],"preparing":[49],"target":[51,75,113],"dataset,":[53],"unsupervised":[54],"adaption":[56,105],"(UDA)":[57],"is":[58,84,121,185,237],"proposed":[59,223],"tackle":[61],"this":[62,94,100,236],"issue.":[63],"UDA":[64],"holds":[65],"assumption":[67],"that":[68,211,221],"labeled":[70],"source":[71,117],"data":[72,76],"and":[73,127,134,156,193,197],"unlabeled":[74],"are":[77],"accessible":[78],"during":[79],"adaptation,":[81],"but":[82],"it":[83],"not":[85],"always":[86],"true":[87],"privacy":[91],"concern.":[92],"In":[93,181],"article,":[95],"we":[96],"aim":[97],"address":[99],"challenge":[101],"by":[102],"source-free":[103],"(SFDA),":[106],"which":[107,200],"migrates":[108],"source-trained":[110],"model":[111],"without":[115],"data.":[118],"Our":[119],"method":[120,213,224],"built":[122],"student\u2013teacher":[125],"framework":[126],"combines":[128],"merits":[130],"of":[131,233],"pseudo-label":[132],"self-training":[133],"adversarial":[135],"learning":[136],"(AL).":[137],"We":[138,218],"also":[139],"propose":[140],"novel":[142],"spatio-temporal":[143],"weighting":[144],"strategy":[145],"(STW).":[146],"It":[147,169],"mines":[148],"spatial":[150],"self-correlation":[151],"single":[153],"image":[155,196],"temporal":[157],"cross":[158],"correlation":[159],"among":[160],"images":[162],"for":[163,178,188,244],"teacher":[164,192],"produce":[166],"high-quality":[167],"pseudo-labels.":[168],"guides":[170],"student":[172,194,203],"select":[174],"strong":[175],"positive":[176],"pairs":[177],"contrastive":[179],"learning.":[180],"addition,":[182],"AL":[184],"further":[186,219],"employed":[187],"feature":[189],"alignment":[190],"between":[191],"at":[195],"instance":[198],"levels,":[199],"ensures":[201],"learn":[205],"domain-invariant":[206],"features.":[207],"Extensive":[208],"experiments":[209],"show":[210],"our":[212],"achieves":[214],"state-of-the-art":[216],"performance.":[217],"demonstrate":[220],"work":[226,240],"online":[228],"settings.":[229],"best":[232],"authors\u2019":[234],"knowledge,":[235],"first":[239],"incorporate":[242],"SFDA":[243],"object":[246],"detection":[247],"images.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}