{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312450595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227982","title":"Deep Neural Network Based Linearization and Cold Junction Compensation of Thermocouple","display_name":"Deep Neural Network Based Linearization and Cold Junction Compensation of Thermocouple","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312450595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3227982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052935683","display_name":"Ramya Anandanatarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-9768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122964287","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli","ror":"https://ror.org/047x65e68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramya Anandanatarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-9768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072908811","display_name":"M. Umapathy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6732-8447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122964287","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli","ror":"https://ror.org/047x65e68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umapathy Mangalanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6732-8447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107988875","display_name":"Uma Gandhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-6304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122964287","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli","ror":"https://ror.org/047x65e68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uma Gandhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-6304","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3896,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79333218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13928","display_name":"Advanced Sensor Technologies Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13928","display_name":"Advanced Sensor Technologies Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermocouple","display_name":"Thermocouple","score":0.8825092911720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermistor","display_name":"Thermistor","score":0.8375462293624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearization","display_name":"Linearization","score":0.5761493444442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4825015068054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.4817109704017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.4414747655391693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42785048484802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.4142841100692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3877367377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.3793115019798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3631899952888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3234698474407196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3216401934623718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.29082155227661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.109093576669693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07042604684829712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168068576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190241","display_name":"Thermocouple","level":2,"score":0.8825092911720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66726788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175973","display_name":"Thermistor","level":2,"score":0.8375462293624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11210021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520713","display_name":"Linearization","level":3,"score":0.5761493444442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4825015068054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.4817109704017639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4414747655391693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42785048484802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.4142841100692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3877367377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3793115019798279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3631899952888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3234698474407196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3216401934623718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29082155227661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.109093576669693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07042604684829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3227982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W287569203","https://openalex.org/W1840297335","https://openalex.org/W2009219499","https://openalex.org/W2050813174","https://openalex.org/W2053527001","https://openalex.org/W2060477610","https://openalex.org/W2137571291","https://openalex.org/W2140925059","https://openalex.org/W2274631373","https://openalex.org/W2314055824","https://openalex.org/W2320129514","https://openalex.org/W2329862259","https://openalex.org/W2404440973","https://openalex.org/W2770847824","https://openalex.org/W2790735830","https://openalex.org/W2980611878","https://openalex.org/W3005531824","https://openalex.org/W4200260161","https://openalex.org/W4289793254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133433752","https://openalex.org/W2112582741","https://openalex.org/W2792407157","https://openalex.org/W2972852035","https://openalex.org/W3216017874","https://openalex.org/W2966484342","https://openalex.org/W4285295200","https://openalex.org/W2025687625","https://openalex.org/W1512975660","https://openalex.org/W2387797796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,91],"this":[1],"proposed":[2,25,162],"work,":[3],"temperature":[4,35,69,199],"sensors,":[5],"namely,":[6],"a":[7,67,101,105,134,168,172,176,190],"thermocouple":[8,94,153,170,188,232],"and":[9,95,155,211,220],"thermistor":[10,72,80,159],"were":[11,115,209],"linearized":[12,79],"using":[13,109,141,167],"deep":[14,18,110],"neural":[15,20,57,111,124],"networks.":[16],"The":[17,78,161,181,207],"feedforward":[19],"network":[21,58],"(DFNN)":[22],"technique":[23,226],"was":[24,44,60,81,98,139,164],"to":[26,39,48,62,75,204,230],"linearize":[27],"the":[28,33,64,89,93,122,142,156,187,214],"K-type":[29,169],"thermocouple\u2019s":[30],"output,":[31],"in":[32,100,128,175],"given":[34],"range":[36,107],"\u2212100":[37],"\u00b0C":[38,179,196,203],"1372":[40],"\u00b0C,":[41],"while":[42],"nonlinearity":[43,65],"reduced":[45],"from":[46,73,201],"2.03%":[47],"0.002%":[49],"full":[50],"scale":[51],"span":[52],"(FSS).":[53],"Deep":[54],"layer":[55],"recurrent":[56],"(DLR-NN)":[59],"used":[61,82],"reduce":[63],"of":[66,88,133,147,186,194,218],"negative":[68],"coefficient":[70],"(NTC)":[71],"84.63%":[74],"0.13%":[76],"FSS.":[77],"for":[83,104,137,152,158],"cold":[84,182],"junction":[85,183],"compensation":[86],"(CJC)":[87],"thermocouple.":[90],"both":[92],"thermistor,":[96],"linearization":[97,126,138,154,225],"achieved":[99],"single":[102],"stage":[103],"wide":[106],"digitally":[108],"networks":[112],"alone.":[113],"There":[114],"no":[116],"analog":[117],"pre-signal":[118],"conditioning":[119],"circuits,":[120],"unlike":[121],"existing":[123,215],"network-based":[125],"techniques":[127],"literature.":[129],"A":[130],"hardware":[131],"setup":[132],"stand-alone":[135],"module":[136],"designed":[140],"Raspberry":[143],"pi":[144],"microcontroller":[145],"consisting":[146],"two":[148],"soft":[149],"modules,":[150],"one":[151],"other":[157,231,237],"linearization.":[160],"system":[163],"experimentally":[165],"tested":[166],"on":[171],"thermal":[173],"calibrator":[174],"0":[177,202],"\u00b0C\u2013300":[178],"range.":[180],"compensated":[184],"output":[185],"had":[189],"maximum":[191],"absolute":[192],"error":[193],"0.34":[195],"when":[197],"ambient":[198],"varied":[200],"40":[205],"\u00b0C.":[206],"results":[208],"satisfactory":[210],"better":[212],"than":[213],"National":[216],"Institute":[217],"Standards":[219],"Technology":[221],"(NIST)":[222],"standard.":[223],"This":[224],"can":[227],"be":[228],"extended":[229],"types":[233],"as":[234,236],"well":[235],"nonlinear":[238],"sensors.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}