{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312645625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227600","title":"A Deep Generative Model-Integrated Framework for 3-D Time-Difference Electrical Impedance Tomography","display_name":"A Deep Generative Model-Integrated Framework for 3-D Time-Difference Electrical Impedance Tomography","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312645625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3227600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077286383","display_name":"Ke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-0621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-0621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071847500","display_name":"Lu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2681-2683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127074","display_name":"Zhongshan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032x22645","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2681-2683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127074","https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089388395","display_name":"Rui Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-923X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-923X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011000189","display_name":"Zhichao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-8435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-8435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003510248","display_name":"Maokun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7258-6413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maokun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7258-6413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015451787","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0362-4236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0362-4236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022666762","display_name":"Shenheng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0105-8194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0105-8194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Institute of Precision Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079173460","display_name":"Aria Abubakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-3443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090857","display_name":"Schlumberger (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/009m79n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857","https://openalex.org/I4210092184"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aria Abubakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schlumberger, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-3443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schlumberger, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077286383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86190814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance-tomography","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","score":0.8288401961326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problem","display_name":"Inverse problem","score":0.6957828998565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.5790489912033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.54680997133255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.5335515141487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5295506119728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47010940313339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.43898460268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42889297008514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3671495318412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.349601686000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2786547541618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.27570411562919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2738337516784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.2068130075931549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.1293404996395111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10846132040023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08757680654525757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155175808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326472","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","level":3,"score":0.8288401961326599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.6957828998565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.5790489912033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.54680997133255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5335515141487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5295506119728088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47010940313339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.43898460268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42889297008514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3671495318412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.349601686000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2786547541618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.27570411562919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2738337516784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2068130075931549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.1293404996395111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10846132040023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08757680654525757}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3227600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3227600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2109305676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61971263","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4771007548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC0603604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1999120614","https://openalex.org/W2005681075","https://openalex.org/W2009831994","https://openalex.org/W2023619766","https://openalex.org/W2041556066","https://openalex.org/W2052625285","https://openalex.org/W2060166856","https://openalex.org/W2061955536","https://openalex.org/W2067959276","https://openalex.org/W2124932867","https://openalex.org/W2128648870","https://openalex.org/W2138248326","https://openalex.org/W2155107551","https://openalex.org/W2156062145","https://openalex.org/W2170164530","https://openalex.org/W2179941141","https://openalex.org/W2226592938","https://openalex.org/W2323750980","https://openalex.org/W2592642714","https://openalex.org/W2608090923","https://openalex.org/W2735337215","https://openalex.org/W2740337843","https://openalex.org/W2761812513","https://openalex.org/W2767248316","https://openalex.org/W2795198316","https://openalex.org/W2883561321","https://openalex.org/W2883645217","https://openalex.org/W2888538030","https://openalex.org/W2896048271","https://openalex.org/W2908202080","https://openalex.org/W2909010875","https://openalex.org/W2910112947","https://openalex.org/W2913384339","https://openalex.org/W2916125097","https://openalex.org/W2920929174","https://openalex.org/W2943059793","https://openalex.org/W2946763030","https://openalex.org/W2963231761","https://openalex.org/W2990050904","https://openalex.org/W2994953704","https://openalex.org/W3013193552","https://openalex.org/W3030487003","https://openalex.org/W3039679801","https://openalex.org/W3081340994","https://openalex.org/W3090731561","https://openalex.org/W3094944168","https://openalex.org/W3094984333","https://openalex.org/W3100820181","https://openalex.org/W3101681511","https://openalex.org/W3104846519","https://openalex.org/W3104882764","https://openalex.org/W3119900676","https://openalex.org/W3165290021","https://openalex.org/W4200071351","https://openalex.org/W4220961705","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W4293242669","https://openalex.org/W4312354699","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6695688027","https://openalex.org/W6921636763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765233679","https://openalex.org/W3211685995","https://openalex.org/W2532315310","https://openalex.org/W2000128178","https://openalex.org/W2136479075","https://openalex.org/W2902419700","https://openalex.org/W2098962200","https://openalex.org/W3160616384","https://openalex.org/W2905540725","https://openalex.org/W2725829804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113,129],"time-difference":[1,141],"image":[2,153],"reconstruction":[3],"problem":[4,32,53,117],"of":[5,47,97,126,131,139,151],"electrical":[6],"impedance":[7,28],"tomography":[8],"(EIT)":[9],"refers":[10],"to":[11,43,72,86],"reconstructing":[12],"the":[13,26,31,44,48,51,88,95,106,110,132,137,152,199],"conductivity":[14],"change":[15],"in":[16],"a":[17,37,58,77,81,98,102,148],"human":[18],"body":[19],"part":[20],"between":[21,105,198],"two":[22],"time":[23],"points":[24],"using":[25,120],"boundary":[27],"measurements.":[29],"Conventionally,":[30],"can":[33],"be":[34],"formulated":[35],"as":[36],"linear":[38],"inverse":[39,52],"problem.":[40],"However,":[41],"due":[42],"physical":[45],"property":[46],"forward":[49],"process,":[50],"is":[54,118,134,166,181],"seriously":[55],"ill-posed.":[56],"As":[57],"result,":[59],"traditional":[60],"regularized":[61],"least-squares":[62],"(LSs)-based":[63],"methods":[64],"usually":[65],"produce":[66],"low-resolution":[67],"images":[68,201,203],"that":[69,79,100],"are":[70],"difficult":[71],"interpret.":[73],"This":[74],"work":[75],"proposes":[76],"framework":[78,93,133],"uses":[80],"deep":[82],"generative":[83,107],"model":[84,108],"(DGM)":[85],"constrain":[87],"unknown":[89,111],"conductivity.":[90,112],"Specifically,":[91],"this":[92],"allows":[94],"inclusion":[96],"constraint":[99],"describes":[101],"mathematical":[103],"relationship":[104],"and":[109,173,188,202],"resultant":[114],"constrained":[115],"minimization":[116],"solved":[119],"an":[121],"extended":[122],"alternating":[123],"direction":[124],"method":[125,161],"multipliers":[127],"(ADMM).":[128],"effectiveness":[130],"demonstrated":[135],"by":[136,168,183],"example":[138],"3-D":[140],"chest":[142],"EIT":[143],"imaging.":[144],"Numerical":[145],"experiment":[146],"shows":[147],"significant":[149],"improvement":[150],"quality":[154],"compared":[155],"with":[156],"total":[157],"variation":[158],"(TV)-regularized":[159],"LSs":[160],"(peak":[162],"signal-to-noise":[163],"ratio":[164],"(PSNR)":[165],"improved":[167,182,196],"4.3%":[169],"for":[170,175,185,190],"10%":[171,186],"noise":[172,187],"4.6%":[174],"30%":[176,191],"noise;":[177],"structural":[178],"similarity":[179],"(SSIM)":[180],"4.8%":[184],"6.0%":[189],"noise).":[192],"Human":[193],"experiments":[194],"show":[195],"correlation":[197],"reconstructed":[200],"from":[204],"reference":[205],"techniques.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}