{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312363951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3225060","title":"GAN-Based Radar Spectrogram Augmentation via Diversity Injection Strategy","display_name":"GAN-Based Radar Spectrogram Augmentation via Diversity Injection Strategy","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312363951","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3225060"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3225060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3225060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397518","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-8653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1364-8653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766525","display_name":"Yutong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-8351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-8351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034901041","display_name":"Yue Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-2999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-2999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101406419","display_name":"Beichen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beichen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-9713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045496426","display_name":"Shisheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-9837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shisheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-9837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067509248","display_name":"Qi Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-4578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-4578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4651,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96865913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.874387264251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.8080681562423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7082817554473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6564619541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.454624205827713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4411343038082123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.4169297218322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3902629613876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3511441946029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1449805200099945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.874387264251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.8080681562423706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7082817554473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6564619541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.454624205827713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4411343038082123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.4169297218322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3902629613876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3511441946029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1449805200099945}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3225060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3225060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2481038826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101378","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G410443062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5216742305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5971526899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171318","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G934669839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFE0204200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1122083611","https://openalex.org/W1560002189","https://openalex.org/W2067534574","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2242223225","https://openalex.org/W2610166850","https://openalex.org/W2621073571","https://openalex.org/W2798205579","https://openalex.org/W2802861902","https://openalex.org/W2899901572","https://openalex.org/W2910327402","https://openalex.org/W2911079281","https://openalex.org/W2913207340","https://openalex.org/W2941814132","https://openalex.org/W2944320448","https://openalex.org/W2954146807","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963266880","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W2963971656","https://openalex.org/W2964260849","https://openalex.org/W2968406738","https://openalex.org/W2973630397","https://openalex.org/W2983100386","https://openalex.org/W2997725121","https://openalex.org/W2998508940","https://openalex.org/W2998980418","https://openalex.org/W3006675473","https://openalex.org/W3006716946","https://openalex.org/W3011664876","https://openalex.org/W3015757654","https://openalex.org/W3034620145","https://openalex.org/W3034723751","https://openalex.org/W3034839660","https://openalex.org/W3035037798","https://openalex.org/W3043120882","https://openalex.org/W3080580366","https://openalex.org/W3083907077","https://openalex.org/W3088105316","https://openalex.org/W3106753828","https://openalex.org/W3119689200","https://openalex.org/W3120254195","https://openalex.org/W3123608679","https://openalex.org/W3124191860","https://openalex.org/W3134230466","https://openalex.org/W3157618166","https://openalex.org/W3172131769","https://openalex.org/W3175169911","https://openalex.org/W3179793697","https://openalex.org/W3197793211","https://openalex.org/W3208546876","https://openalex.org/W3215512623","https://openalex.org/W4211212913","https://openalex.org/W4214482791","https://openalex.org/W4225672217","https://openalex.org/W4243031644","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6745136726","https://openalex.org/W6765939562","https://openalex.org/W6803132585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2091422131","https://openalex.org/W3154381281","https://openalex.org/W2091887884","https://openalex.org/W3211830686","https://openalex.org/W2999301538","https://openalex.org/W2169782458","https://openalex.org/W3080694819","https://openalex.org/W4285814362","https://openalex.org/W2497112640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60],"classification":[1],"of":[2,15,37,62,122,125,158,174],"human":[3,81,175],"activity":[4,56,82,176],"using":[5,25,141],"radar":[6,17,50,90,150],"has":[7],"gained":[8],"considerable":[9],"attention":[10],"in":[11,57,115,127,170],"recent":[12],"years":[13],"because":[14],"the":[16,46,86,97,119,172],"sensor\u2019s":[18],"resistance":[19],"to":[20,29,66,154],"harsh":[21],"settings.":[22],"However,":[23],"when":[24],"machine":[26],"learning":[27],"algorithms":[28],"train":[30],"a":[31,34,54,68,105,123,156],"radar-based":[32],"classifier,":[33],"substantial":[35],"amount":[36],"training":[38,78],"data":[39,70,79],"is":[40,65,93],"always":[41],"required,":[42],"which":[43,110],"means":[44],"that":[45,96],"time-consuming":[47],"and":[48,76,152],"difficult":[49],"measurements":[51,153],"should":[52],"be":[53],"prerequisite":[55],"most":[58],"scenarios.":[59,117],"purpose":[61],"this":[63],"article":[64],"present":[67],"novel":[69],"augmentation":[71],"methodology":[72],"for":[73,80,107,135],"generating":[74],"sufficient":[75],"diverse":[77],"classification,":[83],"hence":[84],"alleviating":[85],"reliance":[87],"on":[88],"complex":[89],"measurements.":[91],"It":[92],"worth":[94],"noting":[95],"proposed":[98],"model":[99,161],"only":[100],"uses":[101],"one":[102],"spectrogram":[103,108],"as":[104],"reference":[106],"augmentation,":[109],"demonstrates":[111],"its":[112,167],"great":[113,168],"potential":[114,169],"practical":[116],"Considering":[118],"contingent":[120],"risk":[121],"lack":[124],"diversity":[126,137],"augmented":[128,139],"samples,":[129],"we":[130,148],"develop":[131],"an":[132],"elaborate":[133],"strategy":[134],"injecting":[136],"into":[138],"samples":[140],"external":[142],"counterparts.":[143],"To":[144],"validate":[145],"our":[146],"model,":[147],"conduct":[149],"simulations":[151],"create":[155],"variety":[157],"datasets.":[159],"Our":[160],"outperforms":[162],"other":[163],"comparable":[164],"models,":[165],"demonstrating":[166],"improving":[171],"performance":[173],"classification.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}