{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312443937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3219468","title":"YOLO-Former: Marrying YOLO and Transformer for Foreign Object Detection","display_name":"YOLO-Former: Marrying YOLO and Transformer for Foreign Object Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312443937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3219468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3219468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3219468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013271959","display_name":"Yuan Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043154142","display_name":"Weiming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1819-9153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453944","display_name":"Heng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9196-7839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089559","display_name":"Shenzhen Metro (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/008hpge95","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089559"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Metro Group Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Metro Group Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089559"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089309679","display_name":"Wei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-1174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049594816","display_name":"Kejun Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5968-1865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejun Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Roadway and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Roadway and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure Systems, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013271959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98018192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5583589673042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.50119948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4322347044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34100985527038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33120447397232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32767653465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.24420315027236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17114245891571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.09689822793006897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5583589673042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.50119948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4322347044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34100985527038574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33120447397232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32767653465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24420315027236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17114245891571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.09689822793006897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3219468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3219468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2140235226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB1200402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8919761916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52172313","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38708963","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2048335335","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2288122362","https://openalex.org/W2462831000","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963093690","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963342610","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2989676862","https://openalex.org/W3009318725","https://openalex.org/W3023064088","https://openalex.org/W3092462694","https://openalex.org/W3092663126","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3172087149","https://openalex.org/W3172752666","https://openalex.org/W3180134609","https://openalex.org/W3184439416","https://openalex.org/W3194790201","https://openalex.org/W3210586215","https://openalex.org/W3211328899","https://openalex.org/W3215273707","https://openalex.org/W4206634018","https://openalex.org/W4211031334","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4214951654","https://openalex.org/W4221166201","https://openalex.org/W4288804646","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4295308556","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4312349930","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6718683173","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6749810415","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6753412334","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6777028348","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779679448","https://openalex.org/W6780226713","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6798838024","https://openalex.org/W6803677459","https://openalex.org/W6809923571","https://openalex.org/W6810938606","https://openalex.org/W6840866624","https://openalex.org/W6849520326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"automatic":[1],"detection":[2,47,102,204],"of":[3,35,55,59,80],"foreign":[4,36,56,100,202],"objects":[5,37],"between":[6],"platform":[7],"screen":[8],"doors":[9,14],"(PSDs)":[10],"and":[11,18,21,53,83,97,136,153,168,179,193,207,230,248],"metro":[12,91],"train":[13],"significantly":[15],"affects":[16],"personnel":[17],"property":[19],"safety":[20],"maintains":[22,243],"the":[23,33,51,63,77,90,123,127,141,144,162,201],"train\u2019s":[24],"normal":[25],"operation.":[26],"However,":[27],"some":[28],"existing":[29],"works":[30],"only":[31,61,147],"determine":[32],"presence":[34,52],"but":[38,113,239],"cannot":[39,85],"indicate":[40,50],"their":[41,73],"categories.":[42],"Besides,":[43],"although":[44],"deep-learning-based":[45],"object":[46,101,203],"algorithms":[48],"can":[49],"categories":[54],"objects,":[57],"most":[58],"them":[60],"harness":[62],"information":[64,149],"in":[65,89,150],"region":[66,151],"proposals,":[67],"ignoring":[68],"global":[69,137,159],"contextual":[70],"information.":[71,160],"Furthermore,":[72],"performance":[74],"comes":[75],"at":[76],"considerable":[78],"cost":[79],"computational":[81],"complexity,":[82],"leading":[84],"be":[86],"well":[87],"deployed":[88],"environment.":[92],"To":[93],"address":[94],"these":[95],"issues":[96],"better":[98],"implement":[99],"(FOD),":[103],"we":[104,186],"present":[105],"You":[106],"Only":[107],"Look":[108],"Once-Transformer":[109],"(YOLO-Former),":[110],"a":[111],"simple":[112],"efficient":[114],"model.":[115],"YOLO-Former":[116],"is":[117,131],"accomplished":[118],"based":[119],"on":[120,200,228,234,254],"YOLOv5":[121,146],"through":[122],"following":[124],"procedure.":[125],"First,":[126],"vision":[128],"transformer":[129],"(ViT)":[130],"introduced":[132],"for":[133],"dynamic":[134],"attention":[135,165],"modeling,":[138],"thereby":[139],"solving":[140],"problem":[142],"that":[143,212],"original":[145],"utilizes":[148],"proposals":[152],"has":[154],"insufficient":[155],"ability":[156,177],"to":[157,173,195,222,232],"capture":[158],"Second,":[161],"convolutional":[163],"block":[164],"module":[166,170],"(CBAM)":[167],"Stem":[169],"are":[171],"used":[172],"improve":[174],"feature":[175],"expression":[176],"further":[178],"reduce":[180],"floating":[181],"point":[182],"operations":[183],"(FLOPs).":[184],"Finally,":[185],"design":[187],"various":[188],"variants":[189],"with":[190,218],"different":[191],"widths":[192],"depths":[194],"meet":[196],"every":[197],"need.":[198],"Experiments":[199],"dataset":[205,210],"(FODD)":[206],"PASCAL":[208,235],"VOC":[209,236],"demonstrate":[211],"YOLO-Former-x":[213,242],"consistently":[214],"outperforms":[215],"other":[216],"state-of-the-arts":[217],"significant":[219],"margins":[220],"(0.5":[221],"11.3":[223],"mean":[224],"average":[225],"precision,":[226],"mAP,":[227],"FODD":[229],"0.6":[231],"13.6":[233],"dataset).":[237],"Last":[238],"not":[240],"least,":[241],"real-time":[244],"processing":[245],"speed":[246],"(27.32":[247],"28.17":[249],"frame":[250],"per":[251],"second,":[252],"FPS,":[253],"TITAN":[255],"Xp).":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}