{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312870327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3214492","title":"A Synchronous Detection Algorithm for Quasi-Periodic Signal Components and Its Application in Photoplethysmographic Imaging","display_name":"A Synchronous Detection Algorithm for Quasi-Periodic Signal Components and Its Application in Photoplethysmographic Imaging","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312870327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3214492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3214492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3214492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069941189","display_name":"Xiaohui Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-8391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-8391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101526463","display_name":"Yonggui Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-674X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggui Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-674X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086574539","display_name":"Yixuan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-112X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-112X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069941189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68550112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.7591185569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonics","display_name":"Harmonics","score":0.6134235858917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic","display_name":"Harmonic","score":0.5772724151611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5628340840339661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5354338884353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.48148858547210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.4751991033554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert-transform","display_name":"Hilbert transform","score":0.43919456005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4390292167663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic-analysis","display_name":"Harmonic analysis","score":0.4187219738960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.41440141201019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3406263589859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3192853331565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2917245626449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.273806631565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.25367626547813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20912706851959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16946664452552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15559372305870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1438339352607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13036483526229858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.08996042609214783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7591185569763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.6134235858917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.5772724151611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5628340840339661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5354338884353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.48148858547210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.4751991033554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28799612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685437","display_name":"Hilbert transform","level":3,"score":0.43919456005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4390292167663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131770355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876215","display_name":"Harmonic analysis","level":2,"score":0.4187219738960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.41440141201019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3406263589859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3192853331565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2917245626449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.273806631565094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25367626547813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20912706851959229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16946664452552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15559372305870056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1438339352607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13036483526229858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.08996042609214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3214492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3214492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4578735217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071269","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896447293","https://openalex.org/W2782845565","https://openalex.org/W2543084677","https://openalex.org/W4300089846","https://openalex.org/W2019479635","https://openalex.org/W3093928646","https://openalex.org/W2950832079","https://openalex.org/W2127429821","https://openalex.org/W3100190553","https://openalex.org/W2491751540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"photoplethysmographic":[0],"imaging":[1],"(PPI)":[2],"is":[3,29,44,59,75,93,126,151,159,253],"a":[4,17,30,82,175,213,239],"noninvasive":[5],"method":[6,33,38,231],"for":[7],"assessing":[8],"local":[9],"blood":[10],"flow":[11],"beneath":[12],"the":[13,45,50,53,57,60,66,70,88,101,104,109,112,117,121,124,129,139,144,156,164,184,193,203,208,219,229,256,266],"skin":[14],"surface":[15],"by":[16,192,207,218],"video":[18,194],"camera.":[19],"The":[20,73],"synchronization":[21,68],"detection":[22,210],"algorithm":[23,211],"based":[24],"on":[25],"lock-in":[26],"amplification":[27],"(LIA)":[28],"widely":[31],"used":[32],"to":[34],"obtain":[35,40,233],"PPI.":[36],"This":[37,106],"can":[39,232,269],"two":[41],"maps:":[42],"one":[43],"amplitude":[46,172,267],"map,":[47,63],"which":[48,64,99],"represents":[49,65],"strength":[51],"of":[52,69,81,90,103,123,222],"PPG":[54,71,91,195,262],"signal,":[55],"and":[56,95,116,149,202],"other":[58],"pulse-transit-time":[61],"(PTT)":[62],"time":[67,118,147,157,186],"signal.":[72,225],"latter":[74],"usually":[76],"represented":[77],"directly":[78,217],"in":[79,86,199,265],"form":[80],"phase":[83,150],"map.":[84],"However,":[85],"general,":[87],"frequency":[89,122],"signals":[92],"time-varying":[94,127,246],"contains":[96,131,141,259],"harmonic":[97,142,165,260],"components,":[98,143,261],"complicates":[100],"application":[102],"algorithm.":[105],"article":[107],"analyzes":[108],"relationship":[110,145],"between":[111,146],"LIA":[113],"calculation":[114],"results":[115,135,236],"delay":[119,148,158],"when":[120,138,155,243,255],"signal":[125,130,140,215,242,258],"or":[128,163],"harmonics.":[132],"Theoretical":[133],"analysis":[134],"show":[136,227],"that,":[137,254],"approximately":[152],"linear":[153],"only":[154],"not":[160,168],"very":[161,169],"large":[162],"components":[166],"are":[167],"strong.":[170],"Meanwhile,":[171],"appears":[173],"as":[174],"\u201cbell-shaped\u201d":[176],"function,":[177],"with":[178,245],"its":[179],"peak":[180],"value":[181],"located":[182],"at":[183],"zero":[185],"delay.":[187],"Video":[188],"data":[189],"were":[190],"acquired":[191],"acquisition":[196],"system":[197],"built":[198],"our":[200],"laboratory,":[201],"PPI":[204],"was":[205],"calculated":[206],"synchronous":[209],"using":[212,238],"reference":[214,241,257],"generated":[216],"Hilbert":[220],"transform":[221],"an":[223],"actual":[224],"Experiments":[226],"that":[228],"proposed":[230],"more":[234],"stable":[235],"than":[237],"constant-frequency":[240],"dealing":[244],"heart":[247],"rate":[248],"data.":[249],"An":[250],"interesting":[251],"finding":[252],"distribution":[263],"features":[264],"map":[268],"be":[270],"enhanced.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
