{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281788514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3181240","title":"Accurate Tree Roots Positioning and Sizing Over Undulated Ground Surfaces by Common Offset GPR Measurements","display_name":"Accurate Tree Roots Positioning and Sizing Over Undulated Ground Surfaces by Common Offset GPR Measurements","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281788514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3181240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3181240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3181240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.13731","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036126020","display_name":"Wenhao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-6338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-6338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057695668","display_name":"Yee Hui Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yee Hui Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067393098","display_name":"Lai Fern Ow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-2747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329267311","display_name":"National Parks Board","ror":"https://ror.org/046qg1023","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311","https://openalex.org/I4210154943"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lai Fern Ow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-2747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016474418","display_name":"Mohamed Lokman Mohd Yusof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-4877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329267311","display_name":"National Parks Board","ror":"https://ror.org/046qg1023","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311","https://openalex.org/I4210154943"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Lokman Mohd Yusof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-4877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329267311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039578731","display_name":"Abdulkadir C. Y\u00fccel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-4043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulkadir C. Yucel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-4043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81226228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9531325697898865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.7171728610992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.6485713720321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5563249588012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5007369518280029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4907130002975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.4784379303455353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.47540149092674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.37475335597991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3677513301372528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.360686719417572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.32790303230285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.324106901884079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21842998266220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15527188777923584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9531325697898865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7171728610992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6485713720321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5563249588012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5007369518280029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4907130002975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.4784379303455353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.47540149092674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.37475335597991943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3677513301372528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.360686719417572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.32790303230285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.324106901884079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21842998266220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15527188777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3181240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3181240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2205.13731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13731","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.13731","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/163778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/163778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2205.13731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13731","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.13731","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320758","display_name":"National Parks Board - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/046qg1023"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976682825","https://openalex.org/W1995676681","https://openalex.org/W2026501337","https://openalex.org/W2059817405","https://openalex.org/W2068566787","https://openalex.org/W2070488259","https://openalex.org/W2071455181","https://openalex.org/W2075444894","https://openalex.org/W2088339042","https://openalex.org/W2099632036","https://openalex.org/W2100369874","https://openalex.org/W2110387739","https://openalex.org/W2116850883","https://openalex.org/W2117520098","https://openalex.org/W2120378580","https://openalex.org/W2126575481","https://openalex.org/W2134536864","https://openalex.org/W2139973898","https://openalex.org/W2142264896","https://openalex.org/W2142711447","https://openalex.org/W2143375624","https://openalex.org/W2147237347","https://openalex.org/W2155682659","https://openalex.org/W2162284778","https://openalex.org/W2165512253","https://openalex.org/W2168512468","https://openalex.org/W2202811667","https://openalex.org/W2401477020","https://openalex.org/W2465567810","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2521901407","https://openalex.org/W2573137292","https://openalex.org/W2792720842","https://openalex.org/W2802086821","https://openalex.org/W2883389414","https://openalex.org/W2893824312","https://openalex.org/W2901206390","https://openalex.org/W2950711685","https://openalex.org/W2954294289","https://openalex.org/W2955879888","https://openalex.org/W2979937419","https://openalex.org/W3027906135","https://openalex.org/W3118330161","https://openalex.org/W3126343043","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3159223345","https://openalex.org/W3203499233","https://openalex.org/W4206498621","https://openalex.org/W4213319013","https://openalex.org/W6684660570","https://openalex.org/W6685286781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W1979460547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tree":[0],"roots":[1,19,42,153],"detection":[2,44],"is":[3,20,52,64,79,83,133,164,200],"a":[4,142,146,152],"popular":[5],"application":[6],"of":[7,40,49,90,102,109,196],"the":[8,13,17,36,47,50,66,71,76,87,97,103,110,170,197],"Ground-penetrating":[9],"radar":[10],"(GPR).":[11],"Normally,":[12],"ground":[14,73,173],"surface":[15,48,78,116],"above":[16],"tree":[18,41],"assumed":[21],"to":[22,35,85,95,114,135,166],"be":[23],"flat,":[24,81],"and":[25,99,179,187,202,207],"standard":[26],"processing":[27],"methods":[28,60],"based":[29,140,156],"on":[30,141,157],"hyperbolic":[31,58],"fitting":[32,59,154,190],"are":[33,126,185,192],"applied":[34],"hyperbolae":[37],"reflection":[38,67,93,107],"patterns":[39,68,108],"for":[43],"purposes.":[45],"When":[46,75],"land":[51],"undulating":[53,130,172],"(not":[54],"flat),":[55],"these":[56],"typical":[57],"becomes":[61],"inaccurate.":[62],"This":[63],"because,":[65],"change":[69],"with":[70],"uneven":[72],"surfaces.":[74],"soil":[77],"not":[80],"it":[82,132],"inaccurate":[84],"use":[86],"peak":[88],"point":[89],"an":[91,129,180],"asymmetric":[92],"pattern":[94],"identify":[96],"depth":[98],"horizontal":[100],"position":[101],"underground":[104],"target.":[105],"The":[106,194],"complex":[111],"shapes":[112],"due":[113],"extreme":[115],"variations":[117],"results":[118],"in":[119],"analysis":[120,163],"difficulties.":[121],"Furthermore,":[122],"when":[123],"multiple":[124],"objects":[125],"buried":[127],"under":[128],"ground,":[131],"hard":[134],"judge":[136],"their":[137,188],"relative":[138],"positions":[139],"B-scan":[143],"that":[144],"assumes":[145],"flat":[147],"ground.":[148],"In":[149],"this":[150],"paper,":[151],"method":[155,199],"electromagnetic":[158],"waves":[159],"(EM)":[160],"travel":[161],"time":[162],"proposed":[165,198],"take":[167],"into":[168],"consideration":[169],"realistic":[171],"surface.":[174],"A":[175],"wheel-based":[176],"(WB)":[177],"GPR":[178,183],"antenna-height-fixed":[181],"(AHF)":[182],"System":[184],"presented,":[186],"corresponding":[189],"models":[191],"proposed.":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"demonstrated":[201],"validated":[203],"through":[204],"numerical":[205],"examples":[206],"field":[208],"experiments.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}