{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285134483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3180431","title":"PCWGAN-GP: A New Method for Imbalanced Fault Diagnosis of Machines","display_name":"PCWGAN-GP: A New Method for Imbalanced Fault Diagnosis of Machines","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285134483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3180431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3180431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3180431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076648485","display_name":"Yaoxiang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3199-1831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoxiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3199-1831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066005897","display_name":"Liang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-4958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-4958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055401422","display_name":"Hongli Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-4418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-4418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059394598","display_name":"Yuekai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-9487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuekai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-9487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-Saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Advanced Driving Energy-saving Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.808,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96151278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.8180558681488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.704989492893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6320728063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5568528771400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.501288652420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4836665093898773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4605189561843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-coverage","display_name":"Fault coverage","score":0.41351693868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36887890100479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3604283928871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17278465628623962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.8180558681488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.704989492893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6320728063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5568528771400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.501288652420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4836665093898773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4605189561843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.41351693868637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36887890100479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3604283928871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17278465628623962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3180431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3180431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8936803862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51905452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496056137","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2273585068","https://openalex.org/W2274246713","https://openalex.org/W2736435690","https://openalex.org/W2784378279","https://openalex.org/W2908062660","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2972034512","https://openalex.org/W2977117446","https://openalex.org/W3006938707","https://openalex.org/W3015913963","https://openalex.org/W3016195914","https://openalex.org/W3016796920","https://openalex.org/W3034650994","https://openalex.org/W3034654297","https://openalex.org/W3043970225","https://openalex.org/W3094629563","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3113187671","https://openalex.org/W3126536330","https://openalex.org/W3126725177","https://openalex.org/W3165974302","https://openalex.org/W3180368148","https://openalex.org/W3190969862","https://openalex.org/W3209651137","https://openalex.org/W3215641239","https://openalex.org/W3215833385","https://openalex.org/W4205264076","https://openalex.org/W4226071416","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6685352114","https://openalex.org/W6729482032","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6779669310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293202849","https://openalex.org/W1980965563","https://openalex.org/W1489300767","https://openalex.org/W2387995142","https://openalex.org/W4380714744","https://openalex.org/W4319453655","https://openalex.org/W2596763562","https://openalex.org/W2964218010","https://openalex.org/W2808862658","https://openalex.org/W2383699822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,40,165],"real":[1],"industrial":[2],"scenarios,":[3],"machines":[4],"work":[5],"in":[6,30,36,190,209],"a":[7,49,78,93,134,147,158,160,163,176,181,199],"healthy":[8,17,111],"condition":[9],"at":[10,63],"most":[11],"time.":[12],"Thus,":[13],"the":[14,25,31,126,141,168,203],"number":[15],"of":[16,24,205],"samples":[18,112,122],"is":[19,56,85,108,138],"far":[20],"more":[21,119],"than":[22],"that":[23],"fault":[26,38,66,135,194,211],"ones.":[27],"This":[28],"results":[29],"issue":[32],"about":[33],"data":[34,69,83],"imbalance":[35,70],"machine":[37],"diagnosis.":[39,195,212],"general,":[41],"conducting":[42],"multiple":[43],"long-time":[44],"failure":[45],"tests":[46],"can":[47],"satisfy":[48],"sufficient":[50],"and":[51,75,144,162,173,180],"balanced":[52,142],"dataset.":[53],"However,":[54],"it":[55,130],"impracticable":[57],"due":[58],"to":[59,87,123,146,167,187],"massive":[60],"costs.":[61],"Aimed":[62],"all":[64],"data-based":[65],"diagnosis":[67,136],"methods,":[68],"seriously":[71],"affects":[72],"their":[73],"accuracy":[74],"robustness.":[76],"Accordingly,":[77],"new":[79,94],"method":[80,208],"based":[81],"on":[82,198],"augment":[84,125],"proposed":[86,207],"settle":[88],"this":[89,206],"problem.":[90],"At":[91,132],"first,":[92],"GAN":[95],"model":[96,137],"namely":[97],"parallel":[98],"classification":[99,174],"Wasserstein":[100],"generative":[101],"adversarial":[102],"network":[103],"with":[104],"gradient":[105],"penalty":[106],"(PCWGAN-GP)":[107],"designed.":[109],"Then,":[110],"are":[113,185],"input":[114],"into":[115],"PCWGAN-GP":[116,189],"for":[117,193],"generating":[118],"high-quality":[120],"faulty":[121,153],"gradually":[124],"imbalanced":[127,210],"dataset":[128,143,201],"until":[129],"balances.":[131],"last,":[133],"trained":[139],"by":[140,157],"applied":[145],"testing":[148],"set.":[149],"For":[150],"PCWGAN-GP,":[151],"each":[152],"category":[154],"independently":[155],"equipped":[156],"generator,":[159],"discriminator,":[161],"classifier.":[164],"addition":[166],"generation":[169,192],"loss,":[170,172,175],"discrimination":[171],"Pearson":[177],"loss":[178,183],"function":[179,184],"separability":[182],"designed":[186],"improve":[188],"sample":[191],"An":[196],"experiment":[197],"bearing":[200],"verifies":[202],"superiority":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
