{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285112723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3170880","title":"Robust Online Dynamic Detection Method for PAC Operational Status of High-Speed Trains Based on Key Point Positioning","display_name":"Robust Online Dynamic Detection Method for PAC Operational Status of High-Speed Trains Based on Key Point Positioning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285112723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3170880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3170880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3170880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057383305","display_name":"Luonan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1666-4966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luonan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083026056","display_name":"Xiao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-9347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Unmanned System, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Unmanned System, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027990086","display_name":"Zhenzhou Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3859-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzhou Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077738425","display_name":"D. M. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6680-6451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067844383","display_name":"Shengtong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengtong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602615","display_name":"Guangjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1365-716X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057383305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73276175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6407089233398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pantograph","display_name":"Pantograph","score":0.5176730155944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.46439582109451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catenary","display_name":"Catenary","score":0.45199137926101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4204213619232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.41126397252082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3858780860900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36185044050216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35235196352005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3369165062904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17205440998077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14824998378753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.14063555002212524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6407089233398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20756127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722757","display_name":"Pantograph","level":2,"score":0.5176730155944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.46439582109451294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29279314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214561","display_name":"Catenary","level":2,"score":0.45199137926101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4204213619232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41126397252082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3858780860900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36185044050216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35235196352005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3369165062904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17205440998077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14824998378753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.14063555002212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3170880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3170880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7365686977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51625501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","funder_display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336125","display_name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1043992842","https://openalex.org/W2024116139","https://openalex.org/W2032862935","https://openalex.org/W2154889144","https://openalex.org/W2170663471","https://openalex.org/W2345081459","https://openalex.org/W2555344168","https://openalex.org/W2768753204","https://openalex.org/W2770121394","https://openalex.org/W2770740228","https://openalex.org/W2803086989","https://openalex.org/W2883598538","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2903669919","https://openalex.org/W2921725755","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963604034","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2982772166","https://openalex.org/W2990071526","https://openalex.org/W3011799887","https://openalex.org/W3032234570","https://openalex.org/W3084136118","https://openalex.org/W3112847989","https://openalex.org/W3137589698","https://openalex.org/W3212849029","https://openalex.org/W3216021707","https://openalex.org/W4205610425","https://openalex.org/W4288558691","https://openalex.org/W6639286777","https://openalex.org/W6759845760","https://openalex.org/W6760424586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352865025","https://openalex.org/W2939045761","https://openalex.org/W2355211658","https://openalex.org/W2067167195","https://openalex.org/W2057969614","https://openalex.org/W2361809279","https://openalex.org/W2670755988","https://openalex.org/W2387550916","https://openalex.org/W2389297227","https://openalex.org/W2376447156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"automatic":[1],"inspection":[2,215],"of":[3,15,87,106,110,114,143,180,190,197,234],"real-time":[4],"pantograph-and-catenary":[5],"(PAC)":[6],"operational":[7,68],"status":[8,69,214],"is":[9,70],"important":[10],"for":[11,66,82,98,166],"ensuring":[12,231],"the":[13,16,104,111,139,144,148,152,167,171,175,178,181,188,194,198,232],"safety":[14,233],"railway":[17],"power":[18],"supply":[19],"system":[20],"and":[21,26,39,56,116,177,207,222],"realizing":[22],"its":[23],"intelligent":[24],"operation":[25],"maintenance.":[27],"However,":[28],"state-of-the-art":[29],"contact-loss":[30],"monitoring":[31],"methods":[32],"cannot":[33],"achieve":[34,218],"high":[35,37],"precision,":[36],"speed,":[38],"robust":[40],"effects":[41],"under":[42,226],"complex":[43,54],"conditions,":[44],"such":[45],"as":[46],"frequent":[47],"line":[48,51,107],"changes,":[49,108],"multi-suspended":[50],"interference,":[52,229],"unknown":[53],"backgrounds,":[55],"brightness":[57],"variations.":[58],"Therefore,":[59],"a":[60,75,123,159],"new":[61],"two-stage":[62],"online":[63],"detection":[64,97,154],"method":[65],"PAC":[67,93,213],"proposed.":[71],"First,":[72],"we":[73,157],"propose":[74,158],"three-module-assisted":[76],"high-precision":[77],"key":[78],"point":[79,185],"positioning":[80,195],"detector":[81],"all":[83],"possible":[84],"intersection":[85],"points":[86,96,173],"PAC.":[88],"It":[89],"can":[90,217],"realize":[91],"end-to-end":[92],"contact":[94,101,184,201],"corner":[95,172],"double":[99],"branch":[100],"mode":[102],"in":[103,147,174],"process":[105],"instead":[109],"original":[112],"way":[113],"tracking":[115],"then":[117],"detecting.":[118],"Each":[119],"auxiliary":[120],"module":[121],"adopts":[122],"minimalist":[124],"<inline-formula":[125],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[126],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[127],"<tex-math":[128],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${3\\times":[129],"3}":[130],"$":[131],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[132],"convolutional":[133],"layer":[134,146],"without":[135],"pre-training":[136],"to":[137,164,187],"enhance":[138],"feature":[140],"expression":[141],"ability":[142],"corresponding":[145],"backbone,":[149],"thus":[150,192,230],"improving":[151,193],"sub-pixel":[153],"accuracy.":[155],"Second,":[156],"topological":[160],"accuracy":[161,205],"compensation":[162],"algorithm":[163,216],"compensate":[165],"mismatch":[168],"error":[169],"between":[170],"image":[176],"projection":[179],"actual":[182],"spatial":[183],"owing":[186],"self-occlusion":[189],"PAC,":[191],"precision":[196],"real":[199],"3-D":[200],"point.":[202],"Physical":[203],"simulation,":[204],"verification,":[206],"field":[208],"experiments":[209],"prove":[210],"that":[211],"our":[212],"accurate":[219],"conductor":[220],"height":[221],"stagger":[223],"value":[224],"measurements":[225],"complicated":[227],"environmental":[228],"train":[235],"operation.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
