{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226079646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","title":"FPGA-Based High-Speed Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Multitone-Mixing Interferometry","display_name":"FPGA-Based High-Speed Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Multitone-Mixing Interferometry","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226079646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3165291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9717300/09751594.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9717300/09751594.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075416482","display_name":"Javier Elaskar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4697-093X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Elaskar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant&#x2019;Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4697-093X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant&#x2019;Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079900054","display_name":"Marcelo Alejandro Luda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-2282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113979","display_name":"Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0313pb684","country_code":"AR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113979"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo A. Luda","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEILAP, CITEDEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-2282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEILAP, CITEDEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001943735","display_name":"Lorenzo Tozzetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-2577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Tozzetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant&#x2019;Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-2577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant&#x2019;Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035012664","display_name":"J. Codnia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-867X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113979","display_name":"Institute of Scientific and Technical Research for Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0313pb684","country_code":"AR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113979"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Codnia","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEILAP, CITEDEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3453-867X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEILAP, CITEDEF, Buenos Aires, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019665328","display_name":"Claudio J. Ot\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-7559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio J. Oton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant&#x2019;Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-7559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant&#x2019;Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4773,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81169857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.66009920835495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.6487732529640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-bragg-grating","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","score":0.5935581922531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5893217325210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.5401834845542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.5038346648216248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5012302398681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.43894490599632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43574631214141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4203551411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.42005330324172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4042253792285919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21678146719932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17380070686340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.15165480971336365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.66009920835495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.6487732529640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397391","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","level":3,"score":0.5935581922531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5893217325210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.5401834845542908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.5038346648216248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5012302398681641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.43894490599632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43574631214141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4203551411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.42005330324172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4042253792285919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21678146719932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17380070686340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.15165480971336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9717300/09751594.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/546251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11382/546251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3165291","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9717300/09751594.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322256","display_name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/034zgem50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226079646.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226079646.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969320614","https://openalex.org/W2036259791","https://openalex.org/W2065305833","https://openalex.org/W2085104710","https://openalex.org/W2105747317","https://openalex.org/W2161192511","https://openalex.org/W2516084305","https://openalex.org/W2898824033","https://openalex.org/W2966840827","https://openalex.org/W2979700798","https://openalex.org/W3020905911","https://openalex.org/W3034268482","https://openalex.org/W3103823749","https://openalex.org/W3105545641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371995814","https://openalex.org/W1900316854","https://openalex.org/W2372354345","https://openalex.org/W2025786063","https://openalex.org/W2463721724","https://openalex.org/W2917685425","https://openalex.org/W2365148668","https://openalex.org/W3216900447","https://openalex.org/W3205454610","https://openalex.org/W2096440838"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,122],"report":[1],"a":[2,12,22,34,100,107,125,149,162],"real-time":[3],"high-speed":[4],"fiber":[5],"Bragg":[6],"grating":[7],"(FBG)":[8],"interrogator":[9],"based":[10],"on":[11],"fiber-optic":[13],"interferometer.":[14,195],"The":[15,59,97,164],"signal":[16],"processing":[17,73],"is":[18,30,180,183],"performed":[19],"by":[20,155],"using":[21,130,156],"low-cost":[23],"field-programmable":[24],"gate":[25],"array":[26],"(FPGA)":[27],"system,":[28],"which":[29,88],"programed":[31],"to":[32,44,51,67,75,94,136,186],"implement":[33],"phase-generated":[35],"carrier":[36],"(PGC)":[37],"demodulation":[38],"algorithm":[39],"with":[40,48,134],"multitone":[41],"mixing":[42],"(MTM)":[43],"provide":[45],"distortion-free":[46],"signals":[47],"high":[49],"tolerance":[50],"modulation":[52],"depth":[53],"variations":[54],"and":[55,70,106,182],"light":[56],"intensity":[57],"fluctuations.":[58],"system":[60,98,165],"can":[61,166],"stream":[62],"data":[63],"at":[64,91,170],"rates":[65],"up":[66,74,93],"1":[68],"MS/s":[69],"allows":[71],"multiplexed":[72],"two":[76,84,189],"channels.":[77],"Experimental":[78],"results":[79],"show":[80],"simultaneous":[81],"measurements":[82],"of":[83,87,103,111,128,145,158,177],"FBGs,":[85],"one":[86,157],"was":[89],"actuated":[90],"frequencies":[92],"100":[95],"kHz.":[96],"features":[99],"3-dB":[101],"bandwidth":[102],"280":[104],"kHz,":[105],"dynamic":[108],"wavelength":[109],"resolution":[110],"4.7":[112],"fm/Hz":[113],"<inline-formula":[114],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[115],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[116],"<tex-math":[117],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$^{\\mathrm":[118],"{1/2}}$":[119],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[120],".":[121],"also":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"strong":[126],"reduction":[127,150],"distortion":[129],"the":[131,137,143,146,159,174,178,193],"MTM":[132],"approach":[133],"respect":[135],"standard":[138],"technique.":[139],"Finally,":[140],"we":[141],"study":[142],"origin":[144],"noise,":[147],"demonstrating":[148],"in":[151],"common":[152],"noise":[153],"sources":[154],"FBGs":[160,168],"as":[161],"reference.":[163],"measure":[167],"centered":[169],"any":[171],"position":[172],"within":[173],"spectral":[175],"band":[176],"source,":[179],"polarization-independent,":[181],"easily":[184],"scalable":[185],"more":[187],"than":[188],"measurement":[190],"channels":[191],"from":[192],"same":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}