{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221044938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3162282","title":"Triaxial Vector Operation in Near-Zero Field of Atomic Magnetometer With Femtotesla Sensitivity","display_name":"Triaxial Vector Operation in Near-Zero Field of Atomic Magnetometer With Femtotesla Sensitivity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221044938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3162282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3162282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3162282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050697363","display_name":"Fei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-3749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-3749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086353614","display_name":"Jixi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052221077","display_name":"Bo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-0259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-0259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023870536","display_name":"Yeguang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-6117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeguang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-6117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102793242","display_name":"Shaowen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-8417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-8417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042513115","display_name":"Kaifeng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-0023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaifeng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-0023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682784","display_name":"Mao Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-6950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-6950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017471039","display_name":"Bangcheng Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-756X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangcheng Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-756X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92824191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.822949230670929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.6184343695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.6003533601760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5522025227546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43414825201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.37955963611602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.16563409566879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.148578941822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10601204633712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0904136598110199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.822949230670929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.6184343695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6003533601760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5522025227546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43414825201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.37955963611602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.16563409566879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.148578941822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10601204633712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0904136598110199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3162282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3162282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2557058040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4191002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7403055690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61903013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8999339947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020C01037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963919378","https://openalex.org/W1978487837","https://openalex.org/W2005817254","https://openalex.org/W2011835197","https://openalex.org/W2013027963","https://openalex.org/W2023177614","https://openalex.org/W2023798907","https://openalex.org/W2024814797","https://openalex.org/W2055054073","https://openalex.org/W2065280053","https://openalex.org/W2077767829","https://openalex.org/W2079729987","https://openalex.org/W2091462262","https://openalex.org/W2095465044","https://openalex.org/W2110311845","https://openalex.org/W2131775935","https://openalex.org/W2134542170","https://openalex.org/W2479019859","https://openalex.org/W2622323711","https://openalex.org/W2747826117","https://openalex.org/W2791548393","https://openalex.org/W2883424472","https://openalex.org/W2888244916","https://openalex.org/W2935860139","https://openalex.org/W2949327983","https://openalex.org/W2967776670","https://openalex.org/W2970869209","https://openalex.org/W2978679558","https://openalex.org/W2984246128","https://openalex.org/W3098191548","https://openalex.org/W3113132180","https://openalex.org/W3119286944","https://openalex.org/W3145604009","https://openalex.org/W3150857098","https://openalex.org/W3159185677","https://openalex.org/W3163474349","https://openalex.org/W3183389039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074940407","https://openalex.org/W2885295284","https://openalex.org/W2398658113","https://openalex.org/W309521798","https://openalex.org/W1502875874","https://openalex.org/W1905009105","https://openalex.org/W4302027234","https://openalex.org/W2138929496","https://openalex.org/W3043173782","https://openalex.org/W3046171984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compact":[0],"atomic":[1,43],"magnetometer":[2,44,53],"has":[3],"become":[4],"an":[5],"important":[6],"approach":[7],"for":[8,351],"noise":[9,337],"measurement":[10,69],"of":[11,94,111,141,204],"magnetic":[12,32,37,60,67,87,97,139,206,331,336,359],"shielding":[13],"systems":[14],"as":[15,17],"well":[16],"biomagnetic":[18],"measurement.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21,347],"study,":[22],"we":[23],"propose":[24],"a":[25,40,328],"novel":[26],"method":[27,281],"that":[28],"enables":[29],"time-shard":[30],"triaxial":[31,276,342],"field":[33,38,68,207,360],"measurements":[34],"in":[35,72,100,327,346],"near-zero":[36,101],"through":[39,279],"compact":[41],"high-performance":[42],"with":[45,109],"femtotesla":[46],"sensitivity.":[47],"With":[48],"pump\u2013probe":[49],"orthogonal":[50],"configuration,":[51],"the":[52,76,92,95,249,340],"can":[54,187,252],"be":[55,189,254],"operated":[56],"without":[57],"optical":[58],"and":[59,81,107,127,151,229,244,265,309,354],"modulation.":[61,361],"The":[62,103,162,201,275],"<italic":[63,77,82,115,123,131,165,215,225,235,240,245,291,304,318],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[64,78,83,116,124,132,143,153,166,177,194,216,226,236,241,246,259,267,288,292,301,305,315,319],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">y</i>":[65,125,227,306],"-axis":[66],"was":[70,170],"realized":[71],"zero":[73],"field,":[74],"whereas":[75],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">x</i>":[79,117,167,217,242,293],"-":[80,85,118,168,218,243,294,307,321],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">z</i>":[84,133,237,247,320],"axes":[86],"fields":[88,98,140],"were":[89],"measured":[90,326],"by":[91,191,256,358],"cross-application":[93],"bias":[96,138],"operating":[99],"field.":[102],"maximum":[104],"response":[105],"amplitude":[106],"sensitivity":[108],"bandwidths":[110],"46.8":[112],"Hz":[113,121,129,174],"(":[114,122,130,214,224,234,290,303,317],"axis),":[119,219,295,308],"10.5":[120],"-axis),":[126,228],"10.9":[128],"-axis)":[134],"are":[135,208],"achieved":[136,278],"under":[137,175],"<inline-formula":[142,152,176,193,258,266],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[144,154,178,195,260,268],"<tex-math":[145,155,179,196,261,269],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$B_{z-\\mathrm":[146,180,197,262],"{offset}}=":[147],"8$":[148],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[149,160,184,199,264,272],"nT":[150,213,223,233],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$B_{x-\\mathrm":[156,270],"{offset}}":[157,181],"=":[158,182],"2$":[159],"nT.":[161],"bandwidth":[163],"along":[164],"axis":[169],"extended":[171],"to":[172,211,221,231,333],"232":[173],"32$":[183],"nT,":[185],"which":[186],"further":[188,253],"improved":[190,255],"increasing":[192,257],"{offset}}$":[198,263,271],".":[200],"linear":[202],"interval":[203,251],"measurable":[205,250],"between":[209],"\u221211.7":[210],"+11.7":[212],"\u22120.8":[220],"+0.8":[222],"\u221228.2":[230],"+28.2":[232],"-axis).":[238],"For":[239],"-axes,":[248],",":[273],"respectively.":[274],"sensitivities":[277],"our":[280],"reached":[282],"3.1":[283],"\u00b1":[284,297,311],"0.3":[285],"fT/Hz":[286,299,313],"<sup":[287,300,314],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1/2</sup>":[289,302,316],"2.0":[296],"0.1":[298],"6.0":[310],"0.5":[312],"axis).":[322],"This":[323],"system":[324],"is":[325,349],"low-noise":[329],"ferrite":[330],"shield":[332],"ensure":[334],"extra-low":[335],"condition.":[338],"Furthermore,":[339],"non-modulation":[341],"vector":[343],"operation":[344],"demonstrated":[345],"study":[348],"advantageous":[350],"reducing":[352],"interference":[353],"spin-exchange":[355],"relaxation":[356],"caused":[357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}