{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213350031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151926","title":"EMRA-Net: A Pixel-Wise Network Fusing Local and Global Features for Tiny and Low-Contrast Surface Defect Detection","display_name":"EMRA-Net: A Pixel-Wise Network Fusing Local and Global Features for Tiny and Low-Contrast Surface Defect Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213350031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3151926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081815353","display_name":"Qiangqiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-5711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiangqiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019;an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","an, China","Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-5711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019;an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086552393","display_name":"Jinzhu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinzhu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019;an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","an, China","Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019","an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-3044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019;an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101472112","display_name":"Q. Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-1032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiurui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","an, Shaanxi, China","an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019","School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-1032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102855560","display_name":"Yongji Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2639-0521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongji Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019;an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","an, China","Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2639-0521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019;an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Instrument and Packaging Test, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, and the Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085681502","display_name":"Le Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3988-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","an, China","School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3988-2744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100742631","display_name":"Jianjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-1008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","an, China","School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-1008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081815353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4876,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98319798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.658176600933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6150501370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5699419379234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5692393779754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5148386359214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.455618679523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4421749413013458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4185592830181122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4105414152145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40159451961517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24174419045448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1653124988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1131027340888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11127004027366638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.658176600933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6150501370429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5699419379234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5692393779754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5148386359214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.455618679523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4421749413013458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4185592830181122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4105414152145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40159451961517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24174419045448303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1653124988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1131027340888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11127004027366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3151926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1145746306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52175247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5303707622","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51905403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8164427280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51775405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1550959643","https://openalex.org/W2034856412","https://openalex.org/W2139577851","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2589306531","https://openalex.org/W2790914279","https://openalex.org/W2888407265","https://openalex.org/W2895572611","https://openalex.org/W2907868778","https://openalex.org/W2912729634","https://openalex.org/W2920311927","https://openalex.org/W2933794321","https://openalex.org/W2944303778","https://openalex.org/W2945270739","https://openalex.org/W2952222533","https://openalex.org/W2953989358","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2967610771","https://openalex.org/W2988072185","https://openalex.org/W2994615081","https://openalex.org/W2996172986","https://openalex.org/W3003792425","https://openalex.org/W3011228792","https://openalex.org/W3012523496","https://openalex.org/W3012528238","https://openalex.org/W3013198566","https://openalex.org/W3027763298","https://openalex.org/W3028888497","https://openalex.org/W3036833780","https://openalex.org/W3040739812","https://openalex.org/W3083919065","https://openalex.org/W3106583357","https://openalex.org/W3133719425","https://openalex.org/W3162885002","https://openalex.org/W3163238441","https://openalex.org/W4393805319","https://openalex.org/W6753038380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2941610985","https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W2791431590","https://openalex.org/W1978900583","https://openalex.org/W2350688482","https://openalex.org/W4206776094","https://openalex.org/W3121197456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,105,163],"problem":[1],"of":[2,28,79,108,126,146,158,174],"tiny":[3,175],"and":[4,22,33,52,69,92,176],"low-contrast":[5,177],"surface":[6],"defect":[7,160],"detection":[8,161,173],"is":[9],"a":[10,87,93],"nontrivial":[11],"one.":[12],"To":[13],"solve":[14],"the":[15,37,41,60,65,70,77,115,118,123,134,144,150,156,159,169,172],"problems,":[16],"this":[17],"article":[18],"proposes":[19],"an":[20],"edge":[21,55,73,152],"multi-scale":[23,48],"reverse":[24,98],"attention":[25,99],"network":[26],"(EMRA-Net),":[27],"which":[29],"includes":[30],"feature":[31,34,39,56,80,153],"extraction":[32],"fusion.":[35],"In":[36,76,121],"process":[38,78],"extraction,":[40],"global":[42,46],"dynamic":[43,47],"convolution":[44],"features,":[45],"fusion":[49],"(MSF)":[50],"feature,":[51],"local":[53,151],"pyramid":[54,72],"are":[57,84],"obtained":[58],"through":[59],"pre-training":[61],"backbone":[62],"Resnet":[63],"34,":[64],"fresh":[66],"MSF":[67],"module,":[68,74],"innovative":[71],"respectively.":[75],"fusion,":[81],"these":[82],"features":[83],"blended":[85],"by":[86,103],"new":[88],"self-learning":[89],"scale":[90],"module":[91,101],"novel":[94],"spatial":[95],"channel":[96],"domain":[97],"(SCRA)":[100],"step":[102],"step.":[104],"experimental":[106],"results":[107,145],"five":[109],"widely":[110],"used":[111],"datasets":[112],"show":[113],"that":[114,149],"EMRA-Net":[116,147,164],"outperforms":[117],"existing":[119],"methods.":[120],"addition,":[122],"mean":[124],"intersection":[125],"union":[127],"(mIoU)<xref":[128],"ref-type=\"fn\"":[129,131],"rid=\"fn1\"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref":[130],"rid=\"fn2\"><sup>2</sup></xref>":[132],"on":[133],"printed":[135],"circuit":[136],"board":[137],"(PCB)":[138],"industry":[139],"dataset":[140],"reaches":[141],"95.31&#x0025;.":[142],"Moreover,":[143],"indicated":[148],"can":[154],"improve":[155],"performance":[157],"network.":[162],"has":[165],"great":[166],"potential":[167],"in":[168,171],"application":[170],"defects.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
