{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211122635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151161","title":"An 8.5 ps Resolution, Cyclic Vernier TDC Using a Stage-Gated Ring Oscillator and DWA-Based Dynamic Element Matching in 28 nm CMOS","display_name":"An 8.5 ps Resolution, Cyclic Vernier TDC Using a Stage-Gated Ring Oscillator and DWA-Based Dynamic Element Matching in 28 nm CMOS","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211122635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3151161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008725921","display_name":"Van-Nhan Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-9425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van-Nhan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0321-9425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009585337","display_name":"Xuan Thanh Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-3220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Thanh Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9979-3220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702747","display_name":"Jong\u2010Wook Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-2183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Wook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9160-2183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Information and Communication System-on-Chip (SoC) Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1908,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75955953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernier-scale","display_name":"Vernier scale","score":0.9055948257446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.771292507648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.761836588382721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-nonlinearity","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","score":0.7263611555099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integral-nonlinearity","display_name":"Integral nonlinearity","score":0.7069721817970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6314684152603149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.5986909866333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.5499788522720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/figure-of-merit","display_name":"Figure of merit","score":0.520088791847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.4470774233341217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4163154661655426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wide-dynamic-range","display_name":"Wide dynamic range","score":0.4126371741294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.34392574429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2983434498310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.27784544229507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.21421843767166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.20885270833969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20732221007347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13322123885154724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.12359032034873962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.11496463418006897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.9055948257446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.771292507648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.761836588382721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71217194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575958","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","level":3,"score":0.7263611555099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130829357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665386","display_name":"Integral nonlinearity","level":4,"score":0.7069721817970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6314684152603149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.5986909866333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.5499788522720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130277099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3676605","display_name":"Figure of merit","level":2,"score":0.520088791847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.4470774233341217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4163154661655426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776179129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7998640","display_name":"Wide dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4126371741294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.34392574429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2983434498310089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27784544229507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21421843767166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.20885270833969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20732221007347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13322123885154724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.12359032034873962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.11496463418006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3151161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3151161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1312329843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2B5B01001475","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4545665711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M3H2A1076786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W642765313","https://openalex.org/W1772165751","https://openalex.org/W1993597884","https://openalex.org/W2062819218","https://openalex.org/W2065992070","https://openalex.org/W2074493578","https://openalex.org/W2108435403","https://openalex.org/W2112731410","https://openalex.org/W2112856903","https://openalex.org/W2128081842","https://openalex.org/W2163903773","https://openalex.org/W2167451634","https://openalex.org/W2290610940","https://openalex.org/W2290777953","https://openalex.org/W2314916716","https://openalex.org/W2397557477","https://openalex.org/W2408182051","https://openalex.org/W2587324979","https://openalex.org/W2588636137","https://openalex.org/W2782103515","https://openalex.org/W2785102225","https://openalex.org/W2793936744","https://openalex.org/W2853334755","https://openalex.org/W2909134018","https://openalex.org/W2956011776","https://openalex.org/W2966145430","https://openalex.org/W2969290707","https://openalex.org/W2989827998","https://openalex.org/W3026810542","https://openalex.org/W3120996088","https://openalex.org/W3135328335","https://openalex.org/W3141549138","https://openalex.org/W3175467822","https://openalex.org/W3181929101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122207202","https://openalex.org/W3193008880","https://openalex.org/W2550035210","https://openalex.org/W2051765321","https://openalex.org/W4288077886","https://openalex.org/W2963142823","https://openalex.org/W4313547825","https://openalex.org/W4211122635","https://openalex.org/W2025360476","https://openalex.org/W3118028496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Herein,":[0],"we":[1],"present":[2],"a":[3,10,106,113,139,162,168],"cyclic":[4,59],"Vernier":[5],"time-to-digital":[6],"converter":[7],"(TDC)":[8],"using":[9,32,46],"stage-gated":[11],"ring":[12],"oscillator":[13],"(SGRO)":[14],"and":[15,45,67,128,147,190],"data-weighted":[16],"averaging":[17],"(DWA)":[18],"dynamic":[19,131],"element":[20],"matching":[21],"(DEM).":[22],"Using":[23],"the":[24,41,49,53,68,79,122,181,184],"phase-preserving":[25],"characteristic":[26],"of":[27,52,61,116,144,151,171,174,183],"SGRO,":[28,66],"DEM":[29],"is":[30,37,71,110,157],"realized":[31,111],"simple":[33],"enable":[34],"switches.":[35],"DWA":[36,77],"achieved":[38],"by":[39,94],"storing":[40],"SGRO\u2019s":[42],"previous":[43],"state":[44,51],"it":[47],"as":[48],"beginning":[50],"next":[54],"conversion.":[55],"This":[56],"approach":[57],"achieves":[58,78,124],"selection":[60],"signal":[62],"propagation":[63],"paths":[64],"in":[65,98,112,167],"systematic":[69],"mismatch":[70,81],"averaged":[72],"out":[73],"through":[74],"multiple":[75],"conversions.":[76],"first-order":[80],"correction,":[82],"further":[83],"improving":[84],"linearity.":[85],"Circuit":[86],"techniques":[87],"are":[88],"presented":[89],"to":[90],"achieve":[91],"accurate":[92],"measurement":[93,137],"removing":[95],"errors":[96],"occurring":[97],"multiphase":[99],"time-domain":[100],"processing.":[101],"A":[102],"TDC":[103,123,186],"fabricated":[104],"with":[105],"28-nm":[107],"CMOS":[108],"process":[109],"compact":[114],"area":[115],"0.0056":[117],"mm2.":[118],"Measurements":[119],"show":[120,180],"that":[121],"an":[125,129],"8.5-ps":[126],"resolution":[127],"11-bit":[130],"range":[132,135],"(DR).":[133],"Full":[134],"linearity":[136,189],"shows":[138],"maximum":[140],"differential":[141],"nonlinearity":[142,149],"(DNL)":[143],"0.3":[145],"LSB":[146],"integral":[148],"(INL)":[150],"2.3":[152],"LSB.":[153],"The":[154,178],"power":[155],"consumption":[156],"only":[158],"0.198":[159],"mW":[160],"at":[161],"15-MS/s":[163],"conversion":[164],"rate,":[165],"resulting":[166],"favorable":[169],"figure":[170],"merit":[172],"(FoM)":[173],"0.021":[175],"pJ/conversion":[176],"step.":[177],"results":[179],"effectiveness":[182],"proposed":[185],"for":[187],"improved":[188],"resolution.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}