{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210251548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3147901","title":"Optimal Operating Temperature of Miniaturized Optically Pumped Magnetometers","display_name":"Optimal Operating Temperature of Miniaturized Optically Pumped Magnetometers","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210251548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3147901"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3147901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3147901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102793242","display_name":"Shaowen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-8417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China","School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-8417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086353614","display_name":"Jixi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682784","display_name":"Mao Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-6950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mao Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-6950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040557634","display_name":"Ying Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2935-5414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2935-5414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042513115","display_name":"Kaifeng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-0023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaifeng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-0023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050697363","display_name":"Fei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-3749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-3749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023870536","display_name":"Yeguang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-6117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeguang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-6117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059361149","display_name":"Yueyang Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-0520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueyang Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-0520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9766057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.9377632141113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.6564363241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.6041861772537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.509369969367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.4967878460884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4518992602825165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.43408408761024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36746934056282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.3374156355857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3251919150352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28614628314971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1515527367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1246122419834137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.9377632141113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6564363241195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6041861772537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.509369969367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.4967878460884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4518992602825165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.43408408761024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36746934056282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.3374156355857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3251919150352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28614628314971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1515527367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1246122419834137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3147901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3147901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G511977832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB2002405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7403055690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61903013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504116402","https://openalex.org/W1582117971","https://openalex.org/W1963919378","https://openalex.org/W1987597390","https://openalex.org/W1994248576","https://openalex.org/W2008359234","https://openalex.org/W2010111760","https://openalex.org/W2010276661","https://openalex.org/W2023798907","https://openalex.org/W2036292188","https://openalex.org/W2074728909","https://openalex.org/W2077767829","https://openalex.org/W2109336573","https://openalex.org/W2110311845","https://openalex.org/W2113751765","https://openalex.org/W2118334283","https://openalex.org/W2131775935","https://openalex.org/W2142664764","https://openalex.org/W2473628221","https://openalex.org/W2502258832","https://openalex.org/W2512628654","https://openalex.org/W2600609338","https://openalex.org/W2766250057","https://openalex.org/W2791548393","https://openalex.org/W2888244916","https://openalex.org/W2919896580","https://openalex.org/W2941472979","https://openalex.org/W2942168637","https://openalex.org/W2945333678","https://openalex.org/W2948562641","https://openalex.org/W2952338767","https://openalex.org/W2969234156","https://openalex.org/W3098191548","https://openalex.org/W3200141076","https://openalex.org/W6634875939"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074940407","https://openalex.org/W2035596186","https://openalex.org/W2885295284","https://openalex.org/W2398658113","https://openalex.org/W309521798","https://openalex.org/W1502875874","https://openalex.org/W4302027234","https://openalex.org/W1905009105","https://openalex.org/W2138929496","https://openalex.org/W1529619320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,22],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"significant":[3],"developments":[4],"have":[5],"occurred":[6],"in":[7,19,185],"the":[8,57,76,86,92,95,117,123,128,131,148,157,161,186],"field":[9],"of":[10,75,94,105,130,147],"optically":[11],"pumped":[12],"magnetometers":[13],"(OPMs),":[14],"which":[15,56],"are":[16],"widely":[17],"used":[18],"biomagnetic":[20,183],"measurements.":[21],"this":[23,39,71,139],"study,":[24],"we":[25,41,90],"propose":[26],"a":[27,32,64,102,144],"temperature":[28,49,93,124,151],"optimization":[29],"model":[30,142,166],"for":[31,50,152,170,182],"single-beam":[33,65],"miniaturized":[34,171],"atomic":[35],"magnetometer.":[36],"Based":[37],"on":[38],"model,":[40,100],"find":[42],"that":[43,116],"there":[44],"is":[45,110,113,120,125,167],"an":[46],"optimal":[47,60],"operating":[48,163],"each":[51,153],"individual":[52,154],"vapor":[53,96],"cell,":[54],"under":[55],"OPM":[58,68],"achieves":[59],"performance.":[61],"We":[62],"construct":[63],"zero-field":[66],"modulation":[67],"to":[69,85,179],"prove":[70],"model.":[72],"The":[73],"sensitivity":[74,129],"magnetometer":[77],"reaches":[78],"18":[79],"fT/Hz":[80],"<sup":[81],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[82],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1/2</sup>":[83],"(close":[84],"theoretical":[87],"sensitivity)":[88],"when":[89,122],"adjust":[91],"cell":[97],"through":[98],"our":[99],"and":[101,173],"detection":[103],"bandwidth":[104,119],"more":[106],"than":[107],"160":[108],"Hz":[109],"achieved.":[111],"It":[112],"also":[114,175],"discovered":[115],"system":[118,132],"reduced":[121],"increased,":[126],"whereas":[127],"does":[133],"not":[134],"show":[135],"notable":[136],"variation":[137],"during":[138],"process.":[140],"Our":[141],"enables":[143],"quick":[145],"definition":[146],"best":[149,158],"working":[150],"magnetometer,":[155],"ensuring":[156],"performance":[159],"at":[160],"lowest":[162],"temperature.":[164],"This":[165],"especially":[168],"advantageous":[169],"OPMs":[172],"can":[174],"be":[176],"further":[177],"applied":[178],"arrayed":[180],"integration":[181],"measurement":[184],"future":[187],"work.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
