{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213693699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3126847","title":"HLU<sup>2</sup>-Net: A Residual U-Structure Embedded U-Net With Hybrid Loss for Tire Defect Inspection","display_name":"HLU<sup>2</sup>-Net: A Residual U-Structure Embedded U-Net With Hybrid Loss for Tire Defect Inspection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213693699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3126847","mag":"3213693699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3126847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3126847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052616893","display_name":"Zhouzhou Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0822-1436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhouzhou Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061 China and College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0822-1436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061 China and College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huanbo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-1893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanbo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-1893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101491249","display_name":"Liang Yong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6924-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6924-0403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646131","display_name":"Bin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-7852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061 China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-7852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061 China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706791","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061 China. (e-mail: zy@qust.edu.cn)","College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5137-733X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061 China. (e-mail: zy@qust.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052616893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.0603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99316741,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.8337184190750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6887328028678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3703470230102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-engineering","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","score":0.352831095457077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2760765850543976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25609439611434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13979750871658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13652056455612183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08208030462265015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.8337184190750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6887328028678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3703470230102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.352831095457077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2760765850543976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25609439611434937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13979750871658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13652056455612183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08208030462265015}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3126847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3126847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1176861179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2019MEE066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497599070","https://openalex.org/W1563795667","https://openalex.org/W1580389772","https://openalex.org/W1772076007","https://openalex.org/W1872412942","https://openalex.org/W1923594904","https://openalex.org/W1965126781","https://openalex.org/W1982075130","https://openalex.org/W1994922096","https://openalex.org/W1996326832","https://openalex.org/W2036421441","https://openalex.org/W2041719651","https://openalex.org/W2043442156","https://openalex.org/W2047670868","https://openalex.org/W2055180303","https://openalex.org/W2085709773","https://openalex.org/W2100470808","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2132083787","https://openalex.org/W2161185676","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2209436463","https://openalex.org/W2253261763","https://openalex.org/W2300147725","https://openalex.org/W2328269487","https://openalex.org/W2525076183","https://openalex.org/W2528677070","https://openalex.org/W2530053776","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2741224071","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2890133526","https://openalex.org/W2926743806","https://openalex.org/W2939217524","https://openalex.org/W2944303778","https://openalex.org/W2961348656","https://openalex.org/W2963032190","https://openalex.org/W2963156262","https://openalex.org/W2963529609","https://openalex.org/W2963685207","https://openalex.org/W2963706010","https://openalex.org/W2963868681","https://openalex.org/W2964077901","https://openalex.org/W2986825110","https://openalex.org/W2987701848","https://openalex.org/W2990984982","https://openalex.org/W2998234644","https://openalex.org/W3001436122","https://openalex.org/W3002301267","https://openalex.org/W3025800305","https://openalex.org/W3035422681","https://openalex.org/W3035487542","https://openalex.org/W3035841695","https://openalex.org/W3039156183","https://openalex.org/W3113879609","https://openalex.org/W3124186538","https://openalex.org/W3124459155","https://openalex.org/W3142772534","https://openalex.org/W3153372245","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W3177301635","https://openalex.org/W3182843231","https://openalex.org/W3184219099","https://openalex.org/W3189110740","https://openalex.org/W3197957534","https://openalex.org/W3204895347","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W6633802082","https://openalex.org/W6639175563","https://openalex.org/W6640351089","https://openalex.org/W6791472037","https://openalex.org/W6801437011"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560215812","https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W2788972299","https://openalex.org/W2521347458","https://openalex.org/W2912321008","https://openalex.org/W2498789492","https://openalex.org/W1998607122","https://openalex.org/W2729981612","https://openalex.org/W4233449973","https://openalex.org/W2925692864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"defect":[1,16,53,106,112],"detection":[2,54,58,107,161],"have":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"studied":[6],"and":[7,42,71,95,98,110,125],"applied":[8],"in":[9,30],"many":[10],"industrial":[11],"fields.":[12],"However,":[13],"intelligent":[14,51],"tire":[15,24,52,163],"inspection":[17],"remains":[18],"a":[19,32,99,115],"challenging":[20],"task":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,86,104,121,143],"radiographic":[25],"images\u2019":[26],"anisotropic":[27],"multi-texture":[28],"background":[29],"which":[31],"variety":[33],"of":[34,90,154],"defects":[35],"may":[36],"appear":[37],"with":[38,67],"intra":[39],"class":[40,44],"dissimilarity":[41],"inter":[43],"similarity.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"addresses":[48],"the":[49,80,151],"problem":[50],"using":[55],"end-to-end":[56,62],"saliency":[57],"network.":[59],"A":[60],"novel":[61,81],"residual":[63,82],"U-structure":[64,83],"embedded":[65],"U-Net":[66,91],"hybrid":[68,100],"loss":[69,101],"function":[70],"coordinate":[72,116],"attention":[73,117],"module":[74,118],"(HLU2-Net)":[75],"is":[76,84,102,119],"proposed.":[77],"In":[78],"HLU2-Net,":[79],"used":[85],"replace":[87],"encode-decode":[88],"block":[89],"for":[92,108],"fusing":[93],"multi-scale":[94],"multi-level":[96],"features,":[97],"presented":[103],"guide":[105],"complete":[109],"clean":[111],"mask.":[113],"Moreover,":[114],"introduced":[120],"highlight":[122],"useful":[123],"features":[124],"weaken":[126],"irrelevant":[127],"features.":[128],"Comparative":[129],"experimental":[130],"results":[131],"verify":[132],"that":[133,150],"our":[134,140,155],"method":[135,156],"outperforms":[136],"state-of-the-art":[137],"methods":[138],"on":[139,162],"dataset":[141],"according":[142],"six":[144],"evaluation":[145],"metrics.":[146],"Additionally,":[147],"we":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"computing":[152],"efficiency":[153],"can":[157],"meet":[158],"online":[159],"visual":[160],"production":[164],"line.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}