{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207087430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120378","title":"Surface and Subsurface Eddy-Current Imaging With GMR Sensor","display_name":"Surface and Subsurface Eddy-Current Imaging With GMR Sensor","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207087430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120378","mag":"3207087430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020703636","display_name":"Huu-Thang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huu-Thang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-2899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033929137","display_name":"Jen-Tzong Jeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-306X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jen-Tzong Jeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-306X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052743089","display_name":"Van-Dong Doan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-2836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van-Dong Doan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-2836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071196243","display_name":"Chinh-Hieu Dinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-9392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chinh-Hieu Dinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1140-9392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062501317","display_name":"Duy-Vinh Dao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-4592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duy Vinh Dao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-4592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081122301","display_name":"Thi-Trang Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-3140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Trang Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1871-3140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058436498","display_name":"Xuan Thang Trinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2738-0678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285420085","display_name":"Hung Yen University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052yjgk16","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan-Thang Trinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2738-0678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285420085"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020703636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80005955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7603474855422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/giant-magnetoresistance","display_name":"Giant magnetoresistance","score":0.5681326985359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5369201898574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-current","display_name":"Eddy current","score":0.5115969777107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.5027139186859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.49604758620262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perpendicular","display_name":"Perpendicular","score":0.46950364112854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/printed-circuit-board","display_name":"Printed circuit board","score":0.43845245242118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.41135725378990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3554990887641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistance","display_name":"Magnetoresistance","score":0.34319812059402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2070780098438263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.16603249311447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12231355905532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08166846632957458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7603474855422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84154488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58353","display_name":"Giant magnetoresistance","level":4,"score":0.5681326985359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5369201898574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131357438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208598","display_name":"Eddy current","level":2,"score":0.5115969777107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.5027139186859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.49604758620262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199631012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205034","display_name":"Perpendicular","level":2,"score":0.46950364112854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.43845245242118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.41135725378990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3554990887641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117958382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58347","display_name":"Magnetoresistance","level":3,"score":0.34319812059402466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2070780098438263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.16603249311447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12231355905532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08166846632957458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1514413218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST108-2221-E992-083MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910850154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-110-2221-E992-061-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W229912979","https://openalex.org/W1484638608","https://openalex.org/W1514312648","https://openalex.org/W1964438555","https://openalex.org/W1965209487","https://openalex.org/W1965766000","https://openalex.org/W1965774351","https://openalex.org/W1972683174","https://openalex.org/W1973769376","https://openalex.org/W1976569314","https://openalex.org/W1990754574","https://openalex.org/W2001498391","https://openalex.org/W2035473487","https://openalex.org/W2056944220","https://openalex.org/W2077119855","https://openalex.org/W2094708734","https://openalex.org/W2096595882","https://openalex.org/W2097246929","https://openalex.org/W2110741028","https://openalex.org/W2148770102","https://openalex.org/W2189987460","https://openalex.org/W2280453573","https://openalex.org/W2530458767","https://openalex.org/W2581909959","https://openalex.org/W2600651690","https://openalex.org/W2784727120","https://openalex.org/W2894887643","https://openalex.org/W2903808615","https://openalex.org/W2911819257","https://openalex.org/W2945734069","https://openalex.org/W2964175251","https://openalex.org/W2969743009","https://openalex.org/W2992597369","https://openalex.org/W3031218234","https://openalex.org/W3090721100","https://openalex.org/W3092086034","https://openalex.org/W3103272677","https://openalex.org/W3111756770","https://openalex.org/W3119712098","https://openalex.org/W3124902691","https://openalex.org/W3154029046","https://openalex.org/W3157351785","https://openalex.org/W3159113582","https://openalex.org/W3194841038","https://openalex.org/W3195684922","https://openalex.org/W3203938210","https://openalex.org/W6785797084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151815292","https://openalex.org/W2008038864","https://openalex.org/W1982064686","https://openalex.org/W2033820516","https://openalex.org/W2044928642","https://openalex.org/W2148518796","https://openalex.org/W2072685825","https://openalex.org/W2038550027","https://openalex.org/W2025761492","https://openalex.org/W2060162598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,70,99,121,168],"high":[1],"sensitivity":[2],"for":[3,14,38,155],"low-frequency":[4],"fields":[5],"makes":[6,84],"the":[7,28,57,67,76,80,88,93,114,127,133,138,147,156,161,174],"tiny":[8,61],"giant":[9],"magnetoresistance":[10],"(GMR)":[11],"sensors":[12],"suitable":[13],"high-resolution":[15],"eddy-current":[16],"(EC)":[17],"imaging.":[18,43],"In":[19],"this":[20],"work,":[21],"we":[22],"proposed":[23,169],"a":[24,34,50,60,96,118,165],"novel":[25],"design":[26],"of":[27,49,59,79,95,126,164,176],"miniature":[29,100],"differential":[30,45],"EC":[31,42,46,90,101],"probe":[32,47,102],"with":[33,142],"spin-valve":[35],"GMR":[36,52,81],"sensor":[37],"surface":[39,94,163,178],"and":[40,124,179,187],"subsurface":[41,180],"consists":[48],"full-bridge":[51],"chip":[53],"mounted":[54],"vertically":[55],"on":[56,92,117],"edge":[58],"printed":[62],"circuit":[63],"board":[64],"to":[65,75,87,108,113],"reduce":[66],"liftoff":[68],"distance.":[69],"excitation":[71],"signal":[72,91],"is":[73,111,150,171],"perpendicular":[74],"sensing":[77],"axis":[78],"chip,":[82],"which":[83],"it":[85],"sensitive":[86,112],"unbalance":[89],"conductive":[97],"sample.":[98],"operated":[103],"at":[104],"frequencies":[105],"from":[106],"5":[107],"65":[109],"kHz":[110],"hidden":[115,143],"defects":[116],"flat":[119],"conductor.":[120],"spatial":[122,148],"resolution":[123,149],"stability":[125],"device":[128,170],"are":[129],"verified":[130],"by":[131],"taking":[132],"2-D":[134],"scan":[135],"images":[136],"over":[137],"copper":[139],"film":[140],"samples":[141],"defects,":[144,181],"showing":[145],"that":[146],"better":[151],"than":[152],"2":[153],"mm":[154,159],"flaw":[157],"0.5":[158],"below":[160],"top":[162],"multilayer":[166],"structure.":[167],"useful":[172],"in":[173],"detection":[175],"small":[177],"such":[182],"as":[183],"cracks,":[184],"metal":[185],"loss,":[186],"other":[188],"mechanical":[189],"damages.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
