{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210216139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","title":"Hydrogen Sulfide (H\u2082S) Sensor: A Concept of Physical Versus Virtual Sensing","display_name":"Hydrogen Sulfide (H\u2082S) Sensor: A Concept of Physical Versus Virtual Sensing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210216139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","mag":"3210216139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09586074.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09586074.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053478491","display_name":"Ahmed Al-Sarraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-6500"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alsarraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["sustainability Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"sustainability Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053314319","display_name":"Atiq Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0248-7919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atiq ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053691175","display_name":"Samir Brahim Belhaouari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2336-0490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Brahim Belhaouari","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021072629","display_name":"Khaled M. Saoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9921-8987"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled M. Saoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liberal Arts and Science Program, Virginia Commonwealth University in Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liberal Arts and Science Program, Virginia Commonwealth University in Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043012225","display_name":"Amine Bermak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4984-6093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amine Bermak","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT Division, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053478491"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":1771,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1910},"fwci":0.5849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63046208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flammable-liquid","display_name":"Flammable liquid","score":0.8303115367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-material","display_name":"Explosive material","score":0.6966816782951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-sulfide","display_name":"Hydrogen sulfide","score":0.5421768426895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.5167374014854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-sensor","display_name":"Soft sensor","score":0.49003469944000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.46248963475227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4549334943294525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44790220260620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4184550642967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3880422115325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3093850612640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2640267014503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19312316179275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11787739396095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.10377255082130432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31892906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457310","display_name":"Flammable liquid","level":2,"score":0.8303115367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.6966816782951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780564542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170591","display_name":"Hydrogen sulfide","level":3,"score":0.5421768426895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.5167374014854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115575686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822403","display_name":"Soft sensor","level":3,"score":0.49003469944000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.46248963475227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4549334943294525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44790220260620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4184550642967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3880422115325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3093850612640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2640267014503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19312316179275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11787739396095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.10377255082130432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518881349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682","display_name":"Sulfur","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09586074.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24025251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Hydrogen_Sulfide_H_sub_2_sub_S_Sensor_A_Concept_of_Physical_Versus_Virtual_Sensing/24025251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120150","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09586074.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3195544361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP11S-0110-180246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6651305917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP10-0201-170315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309815","display_name":"Qatar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cawbq05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210216139.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210216139.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W828616622","https://openalex.org/W1553338987","https://openalex.org/W1601146819","https://openalex.org/W1965575505","https://openalex.org/W1987732164","https://openalex.org/W2038366144","https://openalex.org/W2071919400","https://openalex.org/W2097182594","https://openalex.org/W2124049481","https://openalex.org/W2138309859","https://openalex.org/W2164968346","https://openalex.org/W2293163429","https://openalex.org/W2313414934","https://openalex.org/W2346275034","https://openalex.org/W2353157675","https://openalex.org/W2376692824","https://openalex.org/W2409042337","https://openalex.org/W2565841957","https://openalex.org/W2607031951","https://openalex.org/W2741483218","https://openalex.org/W2750022800","https://openalex.org/W2754571408","https://openalex.org/W2762942463","https://openalex.org/W2767913699","https://openalex.org/W2787341212","https://openalex.org/W2796331273","https://openalex.org/W2799528807","https://openalex.org/W2803520030","https://openalex.org/W2806544819","https://openalex.org/W2807306983","https://openalex.org/W2826389914","https://openalex.org/W2887656800","https://openalex.org/W2889269586","https://openalex.org/W2901045276","https://openalex.org/W2902308470","https://openalex.org/W2904149583","https://openalex.org/W2904338288","https://openalex.org/W2906477747","https://openalex.org/W2913272503","https://openalex.org/W2916277159","https://openalex.org/W2942655746","https://openalex.org/W2963277292","https://openalex.org/W2969765711","https://openalex.org/W2971354700","https://openalex.org/W2981179681","https://openalex.org/W2981882227","https://openalex.org/W3014093169","https://openalex.org/W3081808410","https://openalex.org/W3106688607","https://openalex.org/W3117594988","https://openalex.org/W6783009360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348573407","https://openalex.org/W263212044","https://openalex.org/W2527560009","https://openalex.org/W2381839972","https://openalex.org/W3120693169","https://openalex.org/W4243774373","https://openalex.org/W1971929153","https://openalex.org/W3122778336","https://openalex.org/W4390728658","https://openalex.org/W4200104911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hydrogen":[0],"Sulfide":[1],"(H2S)":[2],"presents":[3],"many":[4,46],"hazardous":[5],"traits":[6],"such":[7,48],"as":[8,49,155],"corrosive,":[9],"explosive,":[10],"toxic,":[11],"and":[12,20,25,33,42,51,99,216,235,241,266,295,308],"flammable.":[13],"It":[14],"is":[15,37,162,192,208,233,251,262,305],"slightly":[16],"denser":[17],"than":[18],"air,":[19],"a":[21,31,70,115,124,129,143,165,248,263],"mixture":[22],"of":[23,76,88,107,117,141,150,204,220,256,288],"H2S":[24,44,64,178,221,268],"air":[26,77,180],"can":[27],"be":[28],"volatile.":[29],"Therefore,":[30],"reliable":[32,84,267],"robust":[34],"measurement":[35],"system":[36,153],"required":[38],"to":[39,62,101,122,169,194,214,275,293,299],"effectively":[40],"detect":[41,276],"quantify":[43,63],"in":[45,59,65,74,85,176,179,210],"applications,":[47],"oil":[50],"gas":[52,206,269,278,282,312],"industries.":[53],"There":[54],"are":[55,72,82,96,154],"several":[56],"methods":[57],"available":[58,73],"the":[60,86,105,134,151,171,197,211,218,238,244,254,273,277,286,300],"literature":[61],"fuel":[66],"gases;":[67],"however,":[68,93],"only":[69],"few":[71],"case":[75],"samples.":[78,181],"Furthermore,":[79,303],"array-based":[80],"sensors":[81,146,207],"more":[83,97],"detection":[87,135],"Volatile":[89],"Organic":[90],"Compounds":[91],"(VOCs);":[92],"sensor":[94,110],"arrays":[95],"expensive":[98],"challenging":[100],"produce.":[102],"To":[103],"overcome":[104],"limitations":[106],"producing":[108,142],"physical":[109,145,166],"arrays,":[111],"this":[112],"paper":[113],"proposes":[114],"concept":[116,161],"virtual":[118,130,159],"sensing":[119,126,160,167,270],"that":[120],"enables":[121],"augment":[123],"single":[125],"platform":[127,168],"into":[128],"array.":[131,147],"Thus,":[132],"increasing":[133],"accuracy":[136],"at":[137,222],"no":[138],"extra":[139],"cost":[140],"large":[144],"The":[148,259,280],"merits":[149],"proposed":[152,172,193,260,281],"follows:":[156],"(i)":[157],"A":[158,183,227],"combined":[163],"with":[164,272],"enhance":[170,196],"model\u2019s":[173,198],"estimation":[174],"power":[175],"quantifying":[177],"(ii)":[182],"new":[184],"feature":[185],"extraction":[186],"method":[187],"based":[188,242],"on":[189,237,243],"fractional":[190],"derivatives":[191],"further":[195],"learning":[199],"capabilities.":[200],"(iii)":[201],"An":[202],"array":[203],"four":[205],"fabricated":[209],"in-house":[212],"foundry":[213],"record":[215],"analyze":[217],"signature":[219],"various":[223],"concentration":[224],"levels.":[225],"(iv)":[226],"shallow":[228],"Neural":[229],"Network":[230],"(NN)":[231],"model":[232,250,261,284],"trained":[234],"tested":[236,307],"recorded":[239],"data,":[240],"NN\u2019s":[245],"input-output":[246],"relation,":[247],"mathematical":[249],"presented":[252],"for":[253],"quantification":[255,283],"H2S.":[257],"(v)":[258],"highly":[264],"sensitive":[265],"scheme":[271],"ability":[274],"instantaneously.":[279],"has":[285],"advantages":[287],"being":[289],"low":[290],"cost,":[291],"easy":[292],"implement,":[294],"fast":[296],"operation":[297],"compared":[298],"analytical":[301],"solutions.":[302],"it":[304],"extensively":[306],"validated":[309],"using":[310],"real":[311],"data.":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}