{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207519745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","title":"Clamp-On Measurements of Fluid Flow in Small-Diameter Metal Pipes Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves","display_name":"Clamp-On Measurements of Fluid Flow in Small-Diameter Metal Pipes Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207519745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","mag":"3207519745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09570329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09570329.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078123747","display_name":"Steve Dixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-961X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steve Dixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick, Department of Physics and the School of Engineering, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. (e-mail: S.M.Dixon@warwick.ac.uk)","School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U","Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, Department of Physics and the School of Engineering, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. (e-mail: S.M.Dixon@warwick.ac.uk)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368495","display_name":"Zhichao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-0540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062948526","display_name":"M. W. BAKER","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089167309","display_name":"Xhorxh Bushi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0456-5522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xhorxh Bushi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070815248","display_name":"Luke Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7646-2015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick, Department of Physics, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078123747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8894,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69299962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.740867555141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.6061611175537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transducer","display_name":"Transducer","score":0.5801897048950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-flow-rate","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","score":0.5405501127243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-flow-meter","display_name":"Ultrasonic flow meter","score":0.507457435131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.49176886677742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metering-mode","display_name":"Metering mode","score":0.4391424357891083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Fluid dynamics","score":0.4159352481365204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.404844731092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2872030735015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21683943271636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.2007969319820404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.740867555141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.6061611175537109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.5801897048950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.5405501127243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63066824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165466","display_name":"Ultrasonic flow meter","level":3,"score":0.507457435131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49176886677742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30905978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815598","display_name":"Metering mode","level":2,"score":0.4391424357891083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90278072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216320","display_name":"Fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4159352481365204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.404844731092453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2872030735015869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21683943271636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2007969319820404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09570329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:161474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3120142","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/4407674/09570329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2189407651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R511808/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8516345492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R511808/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320279","funder_display_name":"University of Warwick"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320279","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207519745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207519745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517298149","https://openalex.org/W1998285267","https://openalex.org/W2110263067","https://openalex.org/W2132489092","https://openalex.org/W2415104123","https://openalex.org/W2743559805","https://openalex.org/W2940808472","https://openalex.org/W2979938087","https://openalex.org/W3162686960","https://openalex.org/W4240376745"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356692318","https://openalex.org/W2945555237","https://openalex.org/W4385887890","https://openalex.org/W2945087272","https://openalex.org/W2742478635","https://openalex.org/W2906468640","https://openalex.org/W2308035102","https://openalex.org/W4285529600","https://openalex.org/W2319364666","https://openalex.org/W2085079890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clamp-on":[0],"ultrasonic":[1,103],"transit":[2,56],"time":[3,57],"difference":[4,58],"is":[5,23,31,85,158,212],"used":[6,68,174],"extensively":[7],"to":[8,39,69,94,99,108,138,187,215],"calculate":[9,70],"the":[10,34,41,48,52,60,71,75,126,205,208],"volumetric":[11],"flow":[12,35,72,182],"rate":[13,73],"of":[14,112,120,149,169,180,201,207],"a":[15,18,28,117,123,188],"fluid":[16],"through":[17,74],"pipe.":[19],"The":[20,55,83,145],"operating":[21],"principle":[22],"that":[24,30,171],"waves":[25,45,61,129,152],"travelling":[26,46,62],"along":[27,47],"path":[29,43,50],"generally":[32],"against":[33],"direction":[36],"take":[37],"longer":[38],"travel":[40],"same":[42,49],"than":[44,114,122],"in":[51,63,153,166,175,217],"opposite":[53,64],"direction.":[54],"between":[59],"directions":[65],"can":[66,90,130,224],"be":[67,91,225],"pipe,":[76],"by":[77],"applying":[78],"suitable":[79],"mathematical":[80],"correction":[81],"factors.":[82],"approach":[84],"non-disruptive":[86],"and":[87,89,96,116,133,161,177,220],"non-invasive":[88],"retrospectively":[92],"fitted":[93],"pipes":[95,109,157,168],"easily":[97],"relocated":[98],"different":[100,136],"positions.":[101],"When":[102],"clamp-on":[104,210],"transducers":[105,211],"are":[106,164,172,184],"attached":[107],"with":[110],"diameters":[111],"less":[113,121],"30mm":[115],"wall":[118],"thickness":[119],"few":[124,189],"millimetres,":[125],"resulting":[127],"guided":[128,151],"appear":[131],"confusing,":[132],"produce":[134],"very":[135],"signals":[137],"those":[139],"observed":[140,147],"on":[141],"larger":[142],"diameter":[143,156],"pipes.":[144],"experimentally":[146],"behaviour":[148],"these":[150],"fluid-filled,":[154],"small":[155,209],"analysed,":[159],"modelled":[160],"explained.":[162],"Experiments":[163],"performed":[165],"copper":[167],"sizes":[170],"commonly":[173],"buildings,":[176],"accurate":[178],"measurements":[179],"water":[181,202,218],"rates":[183],"taken":[185],"down":[186],"millilitres":[190],"per":[191],"second.":[192],"This":[193],"technique":[194],"presents":[195],"new":[196],"possibilities":[197],"for":[198],"smart":[199],"metering":[200],"supplies,":[203],"where":[204],"positioning":[206],"not":[213],"sensitive":[214],"variations":[216],"temperature,":[219],"low":[221],"power":[222],"electronics":[223],"used.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}