{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204587887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3117629","title":"An HRCR-CNN Framework for Automated Security Seal Detection on the Shipping Container","display_name":"An HRCR-CNN Framework for Automated Security Seal Detection on the Shipping Container","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204587887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3117629","mag":"3204587887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3117629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3117629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067081298","display_name":"Zhila Bahrami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-2689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhila Bahrami","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada","Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-2689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628","https://openalex.org/I822440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024802448","display_name":"Ran Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada","Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-0045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628","https://openalex.org/I822440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090310509","display_name":"Rakiba Rayhana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-4335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakiba Rayhana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada","Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-4335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628","https://openalex.org/I822440"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423697","display_name":"Zheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7241-3483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I822440","display_name":"Okanagan University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxmh518","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada. (e-mail: zheng.liu@ubc.ca)","Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7241-3483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada. (e-mail: zheng.liu@ubc.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I822440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Science, School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia at Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628","https://openalex.org/I822440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59643618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":0.9460999965667725,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6583688259124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6194591522216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.5906593203544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfeit","display_name":"Counterfeit","score":0.5667420029640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5131850838661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4959460198879242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47797200083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.46869492530822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.43116825819015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3710100054740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16698944568634033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6583688259124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6194591522216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.5906593203544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502918","display_name":"Counterfeit","level":2,"score":0.5667420029640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5131850838661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4959460198879242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47797200083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.46869492530822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.43116825819015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3710100054740906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16698944568634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3117629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3117629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8249466758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT12857","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594805699","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1932624639","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2625219738","https://openalex.org/W2768489488","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2885641989","https://openalex.org/W2897575420","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963093690","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963381188","https://openalex.org/W2985384565","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W2995277480","https://openalex.org/W2997408160","https://openalex.org/W3013211776","https://openalex.org/W3020973324","https://openalex.org/W3034669389","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3035514564","https://openalex.org/W3049198170","https://openalex.org/W3094841529","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3108566774","https://openalex.org/W3125509312","https://openalex.org/W3134136302","https://openalex.org/W3135934332","https://openalex.org/W3168844623","https://openalex.org/W3203938210","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6751325469","https://openalex.org/W6779617356","https://openalex.org/W6786861424","https://openalex.org/W6791247378","https://openalex.org/W6792152673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3191226418","https://openalex.org/W2357749344","https://openalex.org/W1539823648","https://openalex.org/W2362200800","https://openalex.org/W4323356230","https://openalex.org/W4290078996","https://openalex.org/W4372352523","https://openalex.org/W3113783116","https://openalex.org/W1579156572","https://openalex.org/W642596857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Shipping":[0],"containers":[1,43,60],"play":[2],"a":[3,88,93],"significant":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,212],"the":[7,14,21,25,33,42,50,62,127,136,153,158,167,191,194,201,225,231,237],"global":[8],"transportation":[9],"industry.":[10],"Containerization":[11],"has":[12],"improved":[13],"way":[15],"cargo":[16,28],"is":[17,70,77,180],"transported":[18],"all":[19],"around":[20],"world":[22],"by":[23,140],"ensuring":[24],"security":[26,34,37,57,102,202],"of":[27,35,64,113,186,193,214,227],"during":[29],"transit.":[30],"To":[31,145],"ensure":[32],"shipments,":[36],"seals":[38,58],"are":[39,150,164],"applied":[40],"to":[41,44,55,86,97,152,156,166,170,182,189,236],"prevent":[45],"any":[46],"unauthorized":[47],"entry.":[48],"During":[49],"transition,":[51],"customs":[52],"officers":[53],"need":[54],"inspect":[56,101],"when":[59],"pass":[61],"gate":[63],"terminals.":[65],"The":[66,104,133,196],"existing":[67],"inspection":[68],"mechanism":[69],"based":[71],"on":[72,200],"human":[73],"visual":[74],"observation":[75],"which":[76],"labor-intensive,":[78],"time-consuming,":[79],"and":[80,99,122,216,233,240],"potentially":[81],"hazardous.":[82],"This":[83,221],"paper":[84],"aims":[85],"propose":[87],"deep":[89,168],"learning-based":[90],"framework":[91,111],"with":[92,107,126,176],"machine":[94],"vision":[95],"system":[96],"effectively":[98],"efficiently":[100],"seals.":[103],"proposed":[105],"High-Resolution":[106],"Context":[108],"R-CNN":[109],"(HRCR-CNN)":[110],"consists":[112],"two":[114],"modules,":[115],"i.e.,":[116],"Multi-Depth":[117],"Super-Resolved":[118],"Features":[119],"Generation":[120],"(MDSRFG)":[121],"attention":[123],"block":[124],"along":[125,175],"long-term":[128,177],"memory,":[129],"for":[130],"seal":[131,203,228],"detection.":[132],"MDSRFG":[134],"reserves":[135],"multiple":[137,142],"position":[138,159],"information":[139,160,185],"employing":[141],"depth":[143],"backbones.":[144],"achieve":[146],"this,":[147],"high-resolution":[148],"images":[149,163,188],"fed":[151,165],"shallow":[154],"network":[155,169],"reserve":[157],"while":[161],"low-resolution":[162],"extract":[171],"semantic":[172],"information.":[173],"Attention":[174],"memory":[178],"module":[179],"utilized":[181],"leverage":[183],"context":[184],"unlabelled":[187],"improve":[190],"performance":[192,211],"framework.":[195],"experimental":[197],"results":[198],"conducted":[199],"dataset":[204],"show":[205],"that":[206],"our":[207],"approach":[208],"achieves":[209],"high":[210],"terms":[213],"accuracy":[215],"robustness":[217],"under":[218],"various":[219],"conditions.":[220],"technique":[222],"will":[223],"accelerate":[224],"process":[226],"detection":[229],"at":[230],"terminals,":[232],"thus":[234],"contribute":[235],"container":[238],"logistics":[239],"supply":[241],"chain":[242],"management.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}