{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202101445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115583","title":"Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Networks for Event Classification on PMU Measurements","display_name":"Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Networks for Event Classification on PMU Measurements","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202101445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115583","mag":"3202101445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3115583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1874492","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086924335","display_name":"Martin Pavlovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-2128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Pavlovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-2128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000392711","display_name":"Mohammad Alqudah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-3762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alqudah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7011-3762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056897308","display_name":"Tatjana Dokic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3836-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatjana Dokic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3836-9949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000902763","display_name":"Ameen Abdel Hai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-5291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ameen Abdel Hai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-5291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007985005","display_name":"Mladen Kezunovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-4415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mladen Kezunovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-4415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3128 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044038055","display_name":"Zoran Obradovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2051-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoran Obradovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. (e-mail: zoran.obradovic@temple.edu)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2051-0142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. (e-mail: zoran.obradovic@temple.edu)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94594595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.7285846471786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.689071536064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6350027322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.608148455619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5051799416542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47700026631355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4686296284198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46255698800086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41904836893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.41500580310821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4060256779193878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14888766407966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08880457282066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.05941438674926758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.7285846471786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.689071536064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6350027322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.608148455619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5051799416542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47700026631355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4686296284198761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46255698800086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41904836893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41500580310821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4060256779193878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14888766407966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08880457282066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.05941438674926758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3115583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3115583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1874492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1874492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1874492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1874492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4430548714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-OE0000913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W298212978","https://openalex.org/W583058156","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1653583621","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1997859238","https://openalex.org/W2027069555","https://openalex.org/W2074710655","https://openalex.org/W2086613190","https://openalex.org/W2133864802","https://openalex.org/W2276982062","https://openalex.org/W2342958323","https://openalex.org/W2472098064","https://openalex.org/W2509886757","https://openalex.org/W2512151484","https://openalex.org/W2595657631","https://openalex.org/W2604519205","https://openalex.org/W2740840550","https://openalex.org/W2782107121","https://openalex.org/W2885480219","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2912810656","https://openalex.org/W2915229515","https://openalex.org/W2922660557","https://openalex.org/W2926989489","https://openalex.org/W2963405869","https://openalex.org/W2964405582","https://openalex.org/W2969827046","https://openalex.org/W2981344804","https://openalex.org/W2995143136","https://openalex.org/W3004612024","https://openalex.org/W3004664793","https://openalex.org/W3011013176","https://openalex.org/W3014813097","https://openalex.org/W3095472304","https://openalex.org/W3161424408","https://openalex.org/W4388132347","https://openalex.org/W6649604439","https://openalex.org/W6680007464","https://openalex.org/W6734312481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W2378757965","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W4399188509","https://openalex.org/W2318112981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Event":[0],"classification":[1,26,66],"is":[2,78],"one":[3,85],"of":[4,8,27,69,72,106],"the":[5,70,73,84,97,107],"central":[6],"components":[7],"automated":[9],"disturbance":[10],"analysis":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13],"PMU":[14,112],"measurements.":[15,113],"Obtaining":[16],"high-quality":[17],"event":[18,52,75,108],"labels":[19,53],"remains":[20],"a":[21,42],"challenge":[22],"for":[23],"supervised":[24],"learning-based":[25],"local":[28],"and":[29,49],"system-wide":[30],"events":[31],"in":[32],"power":[33],"grids":[34],"due":[35],"to":[36,56,83],"its":[37],"labor-intensive":[38],"requirement.":[39],"We":[40],"present":[41],"sensitivity":[43],"study":[44],"considering":[45],"rapidly":[46],"refined,":[47],"partially":[48],"fully":[50],"inspected":[51],"that":[54,58,80],"leads":[55],"evidence":[57],"hierarchical":[59],"convolutional":[60],"neural":[61],"networks":[62],"(HCNNs)":[63],"outperform":[64],"traditional":[65],"models":[67],"regardless":[68],"quality":[71],"available":[74],"labels.":[76],"It":[77],"demonstrated":[79],"performance":[81],"similar":[82],"obtained":[86],"using":[87],"entirely":[88],"domain-driven":[89],"labeling":[90],"can":[91],"be":[92],"achieved":[93],"as":[94,96],"long":[95],"involved":[98],"expert":[99],"does":[100],"not":[101],"mislabel":[102],"more":[103],"than":[104],"~5%":[105],"data":[109],"captured":[110],"by":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}