{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196444763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3108503","title":"ALMNet: Adjacent Layer Driven Multiscale Features for Salient Object Detection","display_name":"ALMNet: Adjacent Layer Driven Multiscale Features for Salient Object Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196444763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3108503","mag":"3196444763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3108503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3108503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068403147","display_name":"Ashish Kumar Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207223250","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/00gmd7q80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Kumar Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, 482005 India","PDPM, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-9393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, 482005 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PDPM, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057167764","display_name":"Ayan Seal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9939-2926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207223250","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/00gmd7q80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayan Seal","raw_affiliation_strings":["PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, 482005 India. (e-mail: ayanseal30@ieee.org)","PDPM, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9939-2926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, 482005 India. (e-mail: ayanseal30@ieee.org)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PDPM, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024672222","display_name":"Pritee Khanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-2133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207223250","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/00gmd7q80","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pritee Khanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, 482005 India","PDPM, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-2133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, 482005 India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PDPM, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207223250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076657750","display_name":"Enrique Herrera\u2010Viedma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-4984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Herrera-Viedma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-4984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045569977","display_name":"Ond\u0159ej Krejcar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-2574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75092371","display_name":"University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05k238v14","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ondrej Krejcar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Basic and Applied Science, Faculty of informatics and management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic and Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-2574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Basic and Applied Science, Faculty of informatics and management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic and Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92926995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7172999382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7172269821166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6847924590110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6674624681472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6406134366989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5800289511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5617602467536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5011856555938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.49104976654052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.48012280464172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.475000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.46325573325157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4521394968032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.444352388381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4292331039905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.29638412594795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1029299795627594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7172999382019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7172269821166992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6847924590110779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6674624681472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6406134366989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5800289511680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5617602467536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5011856555938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.49104976654052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.48012280464172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.475000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.46325573325157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4521394968032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.444352388381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4292331039905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29638412594795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1029299795627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3108503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3108503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G919004281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Vot-20H04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","funder_display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1817277359","https://openalex.org/W1854404533","https://openalex.org/W1894057436","https://openalex.org/W1926351772","https://openalex.org/W1942214758","https://openalex.org/W1978479866","https://openalex.org/W2002781701","https://openalex.org/W2037954058","https://openalex.org/W2039313011","https://openalex.org/W2086791339","https://openalex.org/W2100470808","https://openalex.org/W2107363596","https://openalex.org/W2160613239","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2486803733","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2598666589","https://openalex.org/W2740667773","https://openalex.org/W2744613561","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2780708736","https://openalex.org/W2788154928","https://openalex.org/W2798791651","https://openalex.org/W2798825526","https://openalex.org/W2799074129","https://openalex.org/W2804743778","https://openalex.org/W2884555738","https://openalex.org/W2895251968","https://openalex.org/W2923601983","https://openalex.org/W2938260698","https://openalex.org/W2939217524","https://openalex.org/W2948500402","https://openalex.org/W2948510860","https://openalex.org/W2961348656","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963032190","https://openalex.org/W2963112696","https://openalex.org/W2963299740","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963529609","https://openalex.org/W2963604034","https://openalex.org/W2963685207","https://openalex.org/W2963706010","https://openalex.org/W2963868681","https://openalex.org/W2963906836","https://openalex.org/W2987701848","https://openalex.org/W2990278031","https://openalex.org/W2990984982","https://openalex.org/W2998449272","https://openalex.org/W3003121299","https://openalex.org/W3018276607","https://openalex.org/W3035290198","https://openalex.org/W3035422681","https://openalex.org/W3035487542","https://openalex.org/W3093449804","https://openalex.org/W3098389804","https://openalex.org/W3107944836","https://openalex.org/W3134136302","https://openalex.org/W3150252068","https://openalex.org/W3158080681","https://openalex.org/W3196444763","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638480814","https://openalex.org/W6638992375","https://openalex.org/W6639359414","https://openalex.org/W6748037084","https://openalex.org/W6761797528","https://openalex.org/W6770002327","https://openalex.org/W6795234273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329500892","https://openalex.org/W28991112","https://openalex.org/W2370726991","https://openalex.org/W2369710579","https://openalex.org/W2545348020","https://openalex.org/W4327728159","https://openalex.org/W2912751582","https://openalex.org/W2130893381","https://openalex.org/W1990856605","https://openalex.org/W3120436346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"the":[1,26,37,41,66,70,78,91,113,125,136,156,172,177,210],"usage":[2],"of":[3,30,40,45,53,94,127,164,182,200,209],"deep":[4],"learning-based":[5],"approaches":[6],"for":[7],"salient":[8,31,222],"object":[9,223],"detection":[10,224],"(SOD)":[11],"is":[12],"increasing":[13],"exponentially":[14],"to":[15,90,111,130,160,186,212],"detect":[16],"and":[17,107,190],"localize":[18],"visually":[19],"distinct":[20],"regions":[21],"in":[22,28,56,74,85,193],"static":[23],"images.":[24],"However,":[25],"variability":[27],"scales":[29],"objects":[32,62],"requires":[33],"further":[34],"attention":[35,105,120,180],"given":[36],"abstract":[38,59],"nature":[39],"multi-layer":[42],"feature":[43,51,72,79,142],"hierarchy":[44],"convolution":[46],"neural":[47],"networks":[48],"(CNNs).":[49],"Firstly,":[50],"maps":[52],"different":[54],"layers":[55,126,158],"CNNs":[57],"embed":[58],"information":[60,152,163],"about":[61],"that":[63],"changes":[64],"with":[65,228],"object\u2019s":[67],"scale.":[68],"Secondly,":[69],"progressive":[71],"fusion":[73,93],"models":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77,148,150],"pyramid":[80],"network":[81,211],"loses":[82],"its":[83,183,240],"effectiveness":[84],"detecting":[86],"sharp":[87],"boundaries":[88],"due":[89],"late":[92],"detailed":[95,147],"features.":[96],"This":[97,197],"work":[98],"proposes":[99],"two":[100],"modules":[101],"namely,":[102],"adjacent":[103,118,157,178],"layer":[104,119,179],"block":[106,110,121,181],"partial":[108,168,205],"encoder-decoder":[109,169,206],"handle":[112],"aforementioned":[114],"issues.":[115],"The":[116,139,234],"proposed":[117,235],"facilitates":[122],"communication":[123],"among":[124,155],"closest":[128],"abstraction":[129],"mine":[131],"abundant":[132],"scale":[133,162],"features":[134,175,202],"at":[135,143],"current":[137],"resolution.":[138],"resultant":[140],"integrated":[141,174],"a":[144,204],"resolution":[145],"contains":[146],"well":[149],"semantic":[151],"from":[153,176],"interaction":[154],"useful":[159],"extract":[161],"complex":[165],"objects.":[166],"A":[167],"module":[170],"utilizes":[171],"resolution-specific":[173],"corresponding":[184],"encoder":[185],"generate":[187],"multi-scale":[188],"features,":[189],"fuse":[191],"them":[192],"an":[194],"top-down":[195],"manner.":[196],"level-specific":[198],"distribution":[199],"aggregated":[201],"within":[203],"helps":[207],"coarser-layers":[208],"acquire":[213],"boundary":[214],"information.":[215],"Experimental":[216],"results":[217],"on":[218],"five":[219],"broadly":[220],"used":[221],"datasets":[225],"are":[226],"compared":[227],"recent":[229],"20":[230],"state-of-the-art":[231],"SOD":[232],"models.":[233],"method":[236],"performs":[237],"favorably":[238],"against":[239],"competitors":[241],"without":[242],"any":[243],"pre-processing":[244],"or":[245],"post-processing.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}