{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195700791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3106100","title":"Ring-Oscillator-Based High Accuracy Low Complexity Multichannel Time-to-Digital Converter Architecture for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","display_name":"Ring-Oscillator-Based High Accuracy Low Complexity Multichannel Time-to-Digital Converter Architecture for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195700791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3106100","mag":"3195700791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3106100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3106100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031388613","display_name":"Safa Berrima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1895-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Safa Berrima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada. (e-mail: safa.berrima@polymtl.ca)","[Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada. (e-mail: safa.berrima@polymtl.ca)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071840145","display_name":"Yves Blaqui\u00e8re","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6204-7427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Blaquiere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038488044","display_name":"Yvon Savaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3404-9959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvon Savaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","[Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031388613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60851469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.933951735496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.8965713977813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.6392611265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.58863765001297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5608651041984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.47335267066955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45257019996643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4270172715187073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.41855835914611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2646893560886383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.11955291032791138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06909376382827759}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.933951735496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.8965713977813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.6392611265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.58863765001297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5608651041984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.47335267066955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45257019996643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4270172715187073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.41855835914611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2646893560886383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.11955291032791138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06909376382827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3106100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3106100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:23081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/23081/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article publi\u00e9 dans une revue, r\u00e9vis\u00e9 par les pairs"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:49490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/49490/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article de revue"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1788115699","https://openalex.org/W1964615589","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W2024191196","https://openalex.org/W2056848692","https://openalex.org/W2083238829","https://openalex.org/W2089557579","https://openalex.org/W2096434843","https://openalex.org/W2259599997","https://openalex.org/W2333526015","https://openalex.org/W2414663953","https://openalex.org/W2513702809","https://openalex.org/W2541226935","https://openalex.org/W2552540253","https://openalex.org/W2582619866","https://openalex.org/W2584381618","https://openalex.org/W2591886159","https://openalex.org/W2609578273","https://openalex.org/W2759153010","https://openalex.org/W2760618667","https://openalex.org/W2787280128","https://openalex.org/W2804896529","https://openalex.org/W2995571213","https://openalex.org/W3005594458","https://openalex.org/W3099229992","https://openalex.org/W3100687324","https://openalex.org/W3106433277","https://openalex.org/W6656570874","https://openalex.org/W6729207067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589093285","https://openalex.org/W3176961938","https://openalex.org/W2071074983","https://openalex.org/W3158414702","https://openalex.org/W2992346850","https://openalex.org/W145049781","https://openalex.org/W2134779194","https://openalex.org/W2147061220","https://openalex.org/W2831860248","https://openalex.org/W3195700791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"and":[3,90,100,106],"validates":[4],"a":[5,39,81,109],"low":[6],"complexity":[7],"multichannel":[8],"ring-oscillator":[9],"based":[10],"Time-to-Digital":[11],"Converter":[12],"(TDC)":[13],"architecture":[14,68],"for":[15],"field":[16],"programmable":[17],"gate":[18],"arrays":[19],"(FPGAs).":[20],"Channels":[21],"of":[22,28,87,92,102,108],"that":[23],"TDC":[24,59,77],"are":[25],"mainly":[26],"composed":[27],"Look-Up":[29],"Tables":[30],"(LUTs)":[31],"configured":[32],"as":[33],"embedded":[34],"memories.":[35],"The":[36],"channels":[37],"share":[38],"same":[40],"ring":[41],"oscillator.":[42],"A":[43,75],"previously":[44,63],"proposed":[45,67],"delay":[46],"tuning":[47],"method":[48],"was":[49,78],"used":[50],"to":[51,62],"increase":[52],"the":[53,58,66,103],"overall":[54],"accuracy":[55,91],"by":[56],"balancing":[57],"channels.":[60],"Compared":[61],"reported":[64],"TDCs,":[65],"consumes":[69],"less":[70],"resources":[71],"without":[72],"degrading":[73],"performances.":[74],"nine-channel":[76],"implemented":[79],"in":[80],"Zynq-7":[82],"Xilinx":[83,111],"FPGA.":[84],"Single-shot":[85],"precision":[86],"92.7":[88],"ps":[89,94],"92.9":[93],"were":[95],"achieved,":[96],"while":[97],"consuming":[98],"1.49%":[99],"1.31%":[101],"available":[104],"LUTs":[105],"FFs":[107],"ZYNQxc7z010-3clg400":[110],"FPGA":[112],"respectively.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}