{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173857597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3091212","title":"Rotating Machine Systems Fault Diagnosis Using Semisupervised Conditional Random Field-Based Graph Attention Network","display_name":"Rotating Machine Systems Fault Diagnosis Using Semisupervised Conditional Random Field-Based Graph Attention Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173857597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3091212","mag":"3173857597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3091212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3091212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014611666","display_name":"Yao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-4367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447049","display_name":"Xiaofei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8256-0401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8256-0401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053681430","display_name":"Yujia Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7309-383X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7309-383X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101520064","display_name":"Guojun Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojun Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-7112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102027781","display_name":"Dianyi Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-6340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianyi Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Undergraduate School, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-6340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Undergraduate School, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068705108","display_name":"Shoudao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-9605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoudao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-9605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060440457","display_name":"Zhuo Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-7086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5018-7086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1378,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95903256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.9333000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5676072835922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5571785569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5314062237739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5237048864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.47899624705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-field","display_name":"Random field","score":0.47213250398635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4515938460826874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4455994963645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.43700915575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42948126792907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41647353768348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16137585043907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.13585785031318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08173391222953796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5676072835922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5571785569190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5314062237739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5237048864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.47899624705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130402806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5361768","display_name":"Random field","level":2,"score":0.47213250398635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4515938460826874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4455994963645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43700915575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42948126792907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41647353768348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16137585043907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.13585785031318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08173391222953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3091212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3091212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1240826254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52077064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979089718","https://openalex.org/W2074773370","https://openalex.org/W2158823144","https://openalex.org/W2245218972","https://openalex.org/W2468457481","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2746111230","https://openalex.org/W2747276445","https://openalex.org/W2789811186","https://openalex.org/W2811058982","https://openalex.org/W2891319189","https://openalex.org/W2892333124","https://openalex.org/W2896451001","https://openalex.org/W2900706455","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2946439115","https://openalex.org/W2956467153","https://openalex.org/W2963312446","https://openalex.org/W2963858333","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2967625104","https://openalex.org/W2973424371","https://openalex.org/W2990851485","https://openalex.org/W2998318059","https://openalex.org/W2998830408","https://openalex.org/W3005486352","https://openalex.org/W3039216919","https://openalex.org/W3060850527","https://openalex.org/W3092933885","https://openalex.org/W3094110601","https://openalex.org/W3095770430","https://openalex.org/W3110199296","https://openalex.org/W3130692028","https://openalex.org/W3135549270","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W6699364125","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6762445188","https://openalex.org/W6786310188","https://openalex.org/W6790745044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W2093471820","https://openalex.org/W50079190","https://openalex.org/W2114846443","https://openalex.org/W3102147106","https://openalex.org/W2111726165","https://openalex.org/W2347460059","https://openalex.org/W1984858032","https://openalex.org/W2616891703","https://openalex.org/W2293372754"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data-driven":[0],"intelligent":[1],"diagnosis":[2,33,53],"methods":[3],"require":[4],"sufficient":[5],"labeled":[6,133],"data":[7],"during":[8],"training,":[9,136],"which":[10,102,137],"are":[11],"usually":[12],"limited":[13],"in":[14,28,92,145],"practice.":[15],"A":[16],"semisupervised":[17,51,146],"conditional":[18],"random":[19],"field-based":[20],"graph":[21],"attention":[22],"network":[23],"(CRF-GAT)":[24],"algorithm":[25],"is":[26,65,81,90,141],"proposed":[27,38,88],"this":[29],"article":[30],"for":[31,83,135],"fault":[32,52,110,147],"and":[34,45,47,59,96,112],"condition":[35],"monitoring.":[36],"The":[37,63,87,115],"method":[39,80,89,144],"combines":[40],"the":[41,56,68,74,85,104,107,119],"advantages":[42],"of":[43,106,125,132],"CRF":[44],"GAT,":[46],"therefore,":[48],"it":[49,140],"achieves":[50,103],"by":[54],"modeling":[55],"label":[57],"dependency":[58],"learning":[60],"object":[61],"representations.":[62],"scheme":[64],"optimized":[66],"with":[67,76,128],"variational":[69],"expectation\u2013maximization":[70],"(EM)":[71],"algorithm.":[72],"Specially,":[73],"clustering":[75],"adaptive":[77],"neighbor":[78],"(CAN)":[79],"introduced":[82],"constructing":[84],"graph.":[86],"applied":[91],"induction":[93],"motor":[94,100,108],"(IM)":[95],"permanent":[97],"magnet":[98],"synchronous":[99],"(PMSM),":[101],"identification":[105],"status,":[109],"severity,":[111],"working":[113],"condition.":[114],"results":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118,139],"CRF-GAT":[120],"can":[121],"realize":[122],"an":[123,142],"accuracy":[124],"above":[126],"97%":[127],"even":[129],"below":[130],"10%":[131],"samples":[134],"demonstrates":[138],"effective":[143],"diagnosis.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
