{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171402080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3088484","title":"PRNU Estimation of Linear CMOS Image Sensors That Allows Nonuniform Illumination","display_name":"PRNU Estimation of Linear CMOS Image Sensors That Allows Nonuniform Illumination","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171402080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3088484","mag":"3171402080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3088484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3088484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423449","display_name":"Ye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2909-5715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2909-5715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002971959","display_name":"Bo Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-3614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-3614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070547032","display_name":"Guicui Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-3454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guicui Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-3454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047703372","display_name":"Yutai Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-2560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutai Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-2560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77101002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.6847941279411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6317720413208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.5936559438705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5808352828025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.5607278943061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illuminance","display_name":"Illuminance","score":0.546144425868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5284174680709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.5056285858154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3962078094482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39611971378326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3708540201187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2757071852684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27269095182418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.25491034984588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24384886026382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12141823768615723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.6847941279411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6317720413208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.5936559438705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5808352828025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.5607278943061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36365805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194411","display_name":"Illuminance","level":2,"score":0.546144425868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5284174680709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.5056285858154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3962078094482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39611971378326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3708540201187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2757071852684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27269095182418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.25491034984588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24384886026382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12141823768615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3088484","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3088484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1925047926","https://openalex.org/W2023533650","https://openalex.org/W2045869438","https://openalex.org/W2074145713","https://openalex.org/W2074471488","https://openalex.org/W2081891982","https://openalex.org/W2096754397","https://openalex.org/W2108238208","https://openalex.org/W2127024007","https://openalex.org/W2144533910","https://openalex.org/W2154017467","https://openalex.org/W2155140950","https://openalex.org/W2469632092","https://openalex.org/W2611426089","https://openalex.org/W2792121378","https://openalex.org/W2793703213","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2806119772","https://openalex.org/W2810356827","https://openalex.org/W2885533020","https://openalex.org/W2896267158","https://openalex.org/W2902410427","https://openalex.org/W2976439153","https://openalex.org/W2981778699","https://openalex.org/W4242059867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981850310","https://openalex.org/W1966119149","https://openalex.org/W2028671992","https://openalex.org/W2347245756","https://openalex.org/W2351312630","https://openalex.org/W3139631222","https://openalex.org/W2367429071","https://openalex.org/W2466718138","https://openalex.org/W2099015120","https://openalex.org/W2183250885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photo":[0],"response":[1],"nonuniformity":[2,57],"(PRNU)":[3],"is":[4,36,108,119,151,201],"a":[5,30,60,76,126,145,152,170,204],"crucial":[6],"parameter":[7,153],"in":[8,63,154],"evaluating":[9],"and":[10,18,28,66,92,102,125,136,187],"choosing":[11],"CMOS":[12,84],"image":[13,85],"sensors.":[14,86,103],"The":[15,87,117,129],"current":[16],"methods":[17,186],"standards":[19],"use":[20,180],"the":[21,26,40,47,99,111,133,137,141,155,162,184,189,192,198],"integrating":[22],"sphere":[23],"to":[24,79,158,182],"illuminate":[25],"sensor":[27,195],"assume":[29],"known":[31],"uniform":[32],"illumination.":[33],"And":[34],"PRNU":[35,81,150,166],"calculated":[37],"based":[38,173],"on":[39,174],"spatial":[41,64],"variance":[42,65,143],"of":[43,49,82,113,121,147,191],"images.":[44,116],"In":[45,71],"practice,":[46],"uniformity":[48],"illuminance":[50],"can":[51],"be":[52,159],"hardly":[53],"guaranteed.":[54],"A":[55],"slight":[56],"will":[58],"cause":[59],"significant":[61],"increase":[62],"bring":[67],"unacceptable":[68],"evaluation":[69],"errors.":[70],"this":[72],"article,":[73],"we":[74],"present":[75],"novel":[77],"method":[78,88,172,200],"estimate":[80],"linear":[83],"allows":[89],"nonuniform":[90],"illumination":[91],"does":[93],"not":[94],"require":[95],"specific":[96],"settings":[97],"for":[98,110],"light":[100],"source":[101],"First,":[104],"an":[105,122],"observation":[106],"model":[107,118,124,131,139,157,163,193],"established":[109],"data":[112],"nonuniformly":[114],"exposed":[115],"composed":[120],"irradiance":[123,130],"noise":[127,138,142,156],"model.":[128],"describes":[132],"original":[134],"output,":[135],"depicts":[140],"as":[144],"function":[146],"local":[148],"illuminance.":[149],"estimated.":[160],"Then,":[161],"parameters":[164],"including":[165],"are":[167],"estimated":[168],"by":[169,203],"two-stage":[171],"maximum":[175],"likelihood":[176],"estimation.":[177],"We":[178],"also":[179],"simulations":[181],"validate":[183],"developed":[185],"demonstrate":[188],"robustness":[190],"under":[194],"misalignment.":[196],"Finally,":[197],"proposed":[199],"illustrated":[202],"measurement":[205],"experiment.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
