{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167314597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3085939","title":"Determination of the Amount of Grain in Silos With Deep Learning Methods Based on Radar Spectrogram Data","display_name":"Determination of the Amount of Grain in Silos With Deep Learning Methods Based on Radar Spectrogram Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167314597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3085939","mag":"3167314597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3085939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3085939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11492/5062","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088937479","display_name":"H\u00fcseyin Duysak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2748-0660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46464968","display_name":"Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University","ror":"https://ror.org/037vvf096","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46464968"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huseyin Duysak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2748-0660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46464968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085971317","display_name":"Umut \u00d6zkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-0024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117254","display_name":"Konya Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02s82rs08","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117254"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umut Ozkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-0024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117254"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064868486","display_name":"Enes Yi\u0307\u011fi\u0307t","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-5335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enes Yigit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-5335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088937479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46464968"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7187287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6871428489685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.6637046933174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6312500238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.5263674855232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5051234364509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4888152778148651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4880567789077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-percentage-error","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","score":0.48441487550735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.48125502467155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.45317819714546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.4437687397003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.43134698271751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4310288727283478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3886808156967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1952514350414276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6871428489685059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.6637046933174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6312500238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5263674855232239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5051234364509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4888152778148651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4880567789077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150217764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803607","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","level":3,"score":0.48441487550735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.48125502467155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.45317819714546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.4437687397003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.43134698271751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4310288727283478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3886808156967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1952514350414276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3085939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3085939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:a46520f2-50ae-491f-b67a-6dfc017d017b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/publication/details/a46520f2-50ae-491f-b67a-6dfc017d017b/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055210","display_name":"Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:earsiv.kmu.edu.tr:11492/5062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11492/5062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196479","display_name":"eAr\u015fiv - KM\u00dc (Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I46464968","host_organization_name":"Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46464968"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:earsiv.kmu.edu.tr:11492/5062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11492/5062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196479","display_name":"eAr\u015fiv - KM\u00dc (Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I46464968","host_organization_name":"Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46464968"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592963477","https://openalex.org/W1533318183","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1999863729","https://openalex.org/W2032228619","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2137154485","https://openalex.org/W2143419558","https://openalex.org/W2162888803","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2312351803","https://openalex.org/W2318145034","https://openalex.org/W2624871570","https://openalex.org/W2741566575","https://openalex.org/W2742553158","https://openalex.org/W2772386856","https://openalex.org/W2782320196","https://openalex.org/W2887311010","https://openalex.org/W2888862421","https://openalex.org/W2909712920","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2953686964","https://openalex.org/W2989694188","https://openalex.org/W3035363901","https://openalex.org/W3104240813","https://openalex.org/W3115167583","https://openalex.org/W3124130744","https://openalex.org/W3126489152","https://openalex.org/W3141421385","https://openalex.org/W3188779940","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6739365718","https://openalex.org/W6758685805","https://openalex.org/W6790221390","https://openalex.org/W6799247188"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936488316","https://openalex.org/W2964383635","https://openalex.org/W1967332855","https://openalex.org/W2059808914","https://openalex.org/W4322500345","https://openalex.org/W3092127644","https://openalex.org/W4283692964","https://openalex.org/W3202314688","https://openalex.org/W2969719278","https://openalex.org/W3167314597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,8,11,43,46,75,100,106,120,127,145,162,218,243,256,261],"grain":[2,15,40,58,61,88,262],"is":[3,18,36,102,138,147,211,226,238],"a":[4,31,68,79],"crucial":[5],"food":[6],"source,":[7],"determination":[9],"of":[10,13,22,45,54,57,81,108,119,144,161,245,260],"quantity":[12,41,257],"stored":[14],"in":[16,20,217,255],"silos":[17],"inevitable":[19],"terms":[21],"commercial":[23],"and":[24,94,126,155,178,204,223,241,247],"correct":[25],"inventory":[26],"planning.":[27],"In":[28,74],"this":[29],"study,":[30],"convolutional":[32],"neural":[33],"network":[34],"(CNN)":[35],"developed":[37],"to":[38,117],"determine":[39],"using":[42,67,105],"spectrograms":[44,107],"radar":[47,51,72,110],"backscattering":[48,52],"data.":[49],"The":[50,135,157,183,208,231],"signals":[53],"different":[55,60,91,95],"amounts":[56],"for":[59,87,124,133,152],"surface":[62,92],"condition":[63],"types":[64],"are":[65,84,122,131,165,187],"collected":[66],"stepped":[69],"frequency":[70],"continuous-wave":[71],"system.":[73],"scaled":[76],"model":[77],"silo,":[78],"total":[80],"5681":[82],"measurements":[83],"carried":[85],"out":[86,234],"stacks":[89],"with":[90,140,149,214,228],"patterns":[93],"weights":[96],"(0-20":[97],"kg).":[98],"Then,":[99],"dataset":[101,121],"constituted":[103],"by":[104],"these":[109],"measurements.":[111],"Randomly":[112],"selected":[113],"4261":[114],"data":[115,130],"corresponding":[116],"75%":[118],"used":[123,132],"training":[125],"remaining":[128],"1420":[129],"testing.":[134],"proposed":[136,163,209],"method":[137,164,210],"compared":[139,213],"pretrained":[141],"CNN.":[142],"Accuracy":[143],"methods":[146],"given":[148],"metric":[150,229],"parameters":[151],"both":[153],"classification":[154,158],"regression.":[156],"task":[159,185],"results":[160,186,232,254],"obtained":[166],"as":[167,189],"98.45%":[168,176],"accuracy,":[169],"98.15%":[170],"sensitivity,":[171],"99.07%":[172],"specitivity,":[173],"98.77%":[174],"precision,":[175],"F1-Score,":[177],"97.62%":[179],"Matthews":[180],"correlation":[181],"coefficient.":[182],"regression":[184],"calculated":[188],"0.3228":[190],"mean":[191,195,201],"absolute":[192,196],"error,":[193,203],"0.5150":[194],"percentage":[197],"error":[198],"(MAPE),":[199],"0.9649":[200],"squared":[202],"0.9823":[205],"root-mean-squared":[206],"error.":[207],"also":[212],"previous":[215],"studies":[216],"literature":[219],"(with":[220],"3.29":[221],"MAPE)":[222],"its":[224],"superiority":[225],"demonstrated":[227],"parameters.":[230],"point":[233],"that,":[235],"if":[236],"CNN":[237,246],"properly":[239],"modeled":[240],"trained,":[242],"combination":[244],"proper":[248],"signal":[249],"processing":[250],"can":[251],"provide":[252],"effective":[253],"measurement":[258],"applications":[259],"stacks.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}