{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164883109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3081172","title":"Fingerprint-Based Localization Performance Analysis: From the Perspectives of Signal Measurement and Positioning Algorithm","display_name":"Fingerprint-Based Localization Performance Analysis: From the Perspectives of Signal Measurement and Positioning Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164883109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3081172","mag":"3164883109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3081172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3081172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088606308","display_name":"Qiaolin Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-6003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiaolin Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-6003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012777103","display_name":"Joseph Kee\u2010Yin Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8286-4344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Kee-Yin Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8286-4344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037835022","display_name":"Mu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3533-2227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3533-2227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088606308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382","https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82324483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.6749212741851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6413407325744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6245795488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5962836742401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5232235789299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4976241886615753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.46472910046577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.45273226499557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.44691357016563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4395788908004761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.4324505031108856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.4293919801712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.4208064675331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33419865369796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26217108964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.2017858624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17270448803901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.143951416015625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.6749212741851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6413407325744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6245795488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5962836742401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5232235789299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4976241886615753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46472910046577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.45273226499557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.44691357016563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4395788908004761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.4324505031108856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4293919801712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.4208064675331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33419865369796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26217108964920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2017858624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17270448803901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.143951416015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3081172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3081172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4151227976","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJZD-K202000605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313575","funder_display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7135767853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61404140516","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336430","funder_display_name":"Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313575","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336430","display_name":"Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1239233946","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W1983930728","https://openalex.org/W2064024734","https://openalex.org/W2092013389","https://openalex.org/W2137905102","https://openalex.org/W2141080987","https://openalex.org/W2292044699","https://openalex.org/W2304781496","https://openalex.org/W2336771638","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2549523350","https://openalex.org/W2551434662","https://openalex.org/W2624318379","https://openalex.org/W2769149396","https://openalex.org/W2785942333","https://openalex.org/W2800993700","https://openalex.org/W2807186841","https://openalex.org/W2884792986","https://openalex.org/W2889049333","https://openalex.org/W2890356617","https://openalex.org/W2890519742","https://openalex.org/W2899372083","https://openalex.org/W2902750893","https://openalex.org/W2924468481","https://openalex.org/W2934830435","https://openalex.org/W2944967679","https://openalex.org/W2945114010","https://openalex.org/W2945860305","https://openalex.org/W2949452811","https://openalex.org/W2991045726","https://openalex.org/W3008752348","https://openalex.org/W3045276361","https://openalex.org/W3104472852","https://openalex.org/W3130376907","https://openalex.org/W4252794093","https://openalex.org/W6752139313","https://openalex.org/W6790511903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164801693","https://openalex.org/W2120266201","https://openalex.org/W2585557503","https://openalex.org/W2389491004","https://openalex.org/W2384282517","https://openalex.org/W1976418043","https://openalex.org/W2378226311","https://openalex.org/W2035458027","https://openalex.org/W2169354510","https://openalex.org/W2364370872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,11,14,21,28,45,51,55,75,80,92,106,112,116,124,143,149,165],"localization":[4,56,113],"performance":[5,57,114],"of":[6,13,30,36,83,115,129,167],"fingerprinting":[7],"positioning":[8,18],"system":[9],"from":[10,50,105],"perspectives":[12],"signal":[15,52,72],"measurement":[16],"and":[17,70,158],"algorithm.":[19],"Unlike":[20],"existing":[22],"works":[23],"which":[24,146],"have":[25],"not":[26],"taken":[27],"influence":[29],"grid":[31,46],"size":[32,47],"into":[33],"account,":[34],"first":[35,76,110],"all,":[37],"we":[38,78,109],"construct":[39],"a":[40,95,134],"novel":[41,135],"derivation":[42,144],"model":[43,64],"involving":[44],"information.":[48],"Then,":[49,133],"measurement's":[53],"perspective,":[54,108],"is":[58,99,139],"analyzed":[59],"based":[60,141],"on":[61,142],"our":[62,168],"new":[63],"under":[65],"two":[66],"cases:":[67],"with":[68],"specific":[69],"nonspecific":[71],"distributions.":[73],"For":[74,91],"case,":[77,94],"utilize":[79],"traditional":[81],"knowledge":[82],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[84],"lower":[85],"bound":[86],"(CRLB)":[87],"to":[88,101,163],"rededuce":[89],"it.":[90],"second":[93],"Gaussian-Markov":[96],"theorem":[97],"method":[98],"introduced":[100],"conduct":[102],"derivation.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"latter":[107],"analyze":[111],"mostly":[117],"used":[118],"k-nearest":[119],"neighbors":[120],"(KNN)":[121],"algorithm":[122,138],"leveraging":[123],"probability":[125],"density":[126],"function":[127],"(PDF)":[128],"these":[130],"nearest":[131],"neighbors.":[132],"adaptive":[136],"KNN":[137],"designed":[140],"result,":[145],"has":[147],"improved":[148],"location":[150],"accuracy":[151],"by":[152],"about":[153],"20%.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"extensive":[156],"simulations":[157],"real":[159],"experiments":[160],"are":[161],"conducted":[162],"show":[164],"effectiveness":[166],"claims.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}