{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133274213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060584","title":"FPGA-Based Wigner\u2013Hough Transform System for Detection and Parameter Extraction of LPI Radar LFMCW Signals","display_name":"FPGA-Based Wigner\u2013Hough Transform System for Detection and Parameter Extraction of LPI Radar LFMCW Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133274213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060584","mag":"3133274213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3060584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017261248","display_name":"Kani K. Guner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3728-3051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157637111","display_name":"Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/05syseh24","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157637111"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kani K. Guner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Turkish Naval Forces Headquarters, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3728-3051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Turkish Naval Forces Headquarters, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157637111"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062392785","display_name":"Taylan O. Gulum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-8057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1328969757","display_name":"Naval Sea Systems Command","ror":"https://ror.org/03dm1p143","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328969757","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylan O. Gulum","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-8057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1328969757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023131776","display_name":"Burcu Erkmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4101805","display_name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0547yzj13","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4101805"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burcu Erkmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-9764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4101805"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92302359,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hough-transform","display_name":"Hough transform","score":0.7047089338302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.643159031867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6130291223526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5789715647697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5664181113243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4756319522857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matlab","display_name":"MATLAB","score":0.45159009099006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41122424602508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40217748284339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.368918240070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2798388600349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21404609084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21086356043815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12044507265090942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200518788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195076","display_name":"Hough transform","level":3,"score":0.7047089338302612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.643159031867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6130291223526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5789715647697449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5664181113243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4756319522857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.45159009099006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41122424602508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40217748284339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.368918240070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2798388600349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21404609084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21086356043815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12044507265090942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3060584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1181636","https://openalex.org/W585572459","https://openalex.org/W1598868193","https://openalex.org/W1633835179","https://openalex.org/W1861537833","https://openalex.org/W1995699746","https://openalex.org/W2020590618","https://openalex.org/W2029811110","https://openalex.org/W2033031845","https://openalex.org/W2048325617","https://openalex.org/W2067558014","https://openalex.org/W2095905764","https://openalex.org/W2102369989","https://openalex.org/W2110056438","https://openalex.org/W2124596920","https://openalex.org/W2147666329","https://openalex.org/W2165878107","https://openalex.org/W2172171145","https://openalex.org/W2303253908","https://openalex.org/W2316603352","https://openalex.org/W2478250258","https://openalex.org/W2488153981","https://openalex.org/W2545451525","https://openalex.org/W2558358626","https://openalex.org/W2564999662","https://openalex.org/W2568618766","https://openalex.org/W2912809890","https://openalex.org/W2941975990","https://openalex.org/W2966113141","https://openalex.org/W2998123746","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6636570719","https://openalex.org/W6773023096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030098947","https://openalex.org/W1974777989","https://openalex.org/W2363834444","https://openalex.org/W2003466055","https://openalex.org/W2070077862","https://openalex.org/W2765199790","https://openalex.org/W2164944168","https://openalex.org/W262984167","https://openalex.org/W2372868647","https://openalex.org/W2070290716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"probability":[1],"of":[2,64,79,104],"intercept":[3],"(LPI)":[4],"radars":[5],"using":[6,115],"linear":[7],"frequency-modulated":[8],"continuous":[9],"waveforms":[10],"(LFMCWs)":[11],"is":[12,108,128],"rapidly":[13],"proliferating":[14],"in":[15,42],"the":[16,65,83,105,136],"military":[17],"domain":[18],"and":[19,52,87,112,148],"posing":[20],"a":[21,35,61,88,116,132],"serious":[22],"challenge":[23],"to":[24,144,153],"conventional":[25],"electronic":[26],"support":[27],"receivers":[28],"(ESRs).":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"article,":[32],"we":[33],"provide":[34],"practical":[36],"approach":[37],"that":[38],"can":[39],"be":[40],"used":[41],"digital":[43],"ESR":[44],"systems":[45],"for":[46],"real-time":[47],"LFMCW":[48],"radar":[49],"signal":[50,117],"detection":[51,141],"parameter":[53,149],"extraction":[54,150],"under":[55],"challenging":[56],"SNR":[57,146,155],"levels.":[58,125],"We":[59],"proposed":[60,106],"modified":[62],"version":[63],"Wigner-Ville":[66],"distribution":[67,72],"(WVD),":[68],"namely,":[69],"short-time":[70],"Wigner":[71],"(STWD),":[73],"postprocessing":[74],"steps,":[75],"e.g.,":[76],"column-based":[77],"thresholding":[78],"STWD":[80],"combined":[81],"with":[82,98,110,120],"Hough":[84],"transform":[85],"(HT),":[86],"field-programmable":[89],"gate":[90],"array":[91],"(FPGA)":[92],"design":[93],"as":[94],"an":[95],"embedded":[96,130],"solution":[97],"low":[99],"computational":[100],"complexity.":[101],"The":[102,126],"performance":[103,137],"system":[107,127],"tested":[109],"MATLAB":[111],"hardware":[113],"simulations":[114],"database":[118],"generated":[119],"different":[121],"signal-to-noise":[122],"ratio":[123],"(SNR)":[124],"then":[129],"into":[131],"Virtex-7":[133],"FPGA":[134],"where":[135],"evaluations":[138],"showed":[139],"satisfactory":[140],"results":[142,151],"down":[143,152],"-6-dB":[145],"level,":[147],"-8-dB":[154],"level.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
