{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131509706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060578","title":"Design and Implementation of a Reconfigurable Wideband Radio Frequency Spectrum Analyzer With Image Rejection in the Digital Domain","display_name":"Design and Implementation of a Reconfigurable Wideband Radio Frequency Spectrum Analyzer With Image Rejection in the Digital Domain","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131509706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060578","mag":"3131509706"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3060578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/8915/1/RIS_V_2.17.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063862309","display_name":"Ashok Kumar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-5267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142917","display_name":"IS Instruments (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mf4f618","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142917"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashok Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thurlby Thandar Instruments Ltd., Huntingdon, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-5267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thurlby Thandar Instruments Ltd., Huntingdon, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020364531","display_name":"Yichuang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-2119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichuang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","[School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-2119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000602099","display_name":"Oluyomi Simpson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-2046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluyomi Simpson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","[School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-2046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007680206","display_name":"David Lauder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lauder","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","[School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-9232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2482,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46844626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.7318756580352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-response","display_name":"Image response","score":0.6868928670883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6226058602333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-analyzer","display_name":"Spectrum analyzer","score":0.6117494106292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5917547941207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.545769214630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5363205075263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passband","display_name":"Passband","score":0.5308051109313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-conversion-receiver","display_name":"Direct-conversion receiver","score":0.5288230776786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.492829829454422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.47145944833755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.4508296847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-front-end","display_name":"RF front end","score":0.4442231059074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superheterodyne-receiver","display_name":"Superheterodyne receiver","score":0.4410536587238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-frequency","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","score":0.4354827404022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33638107776641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2787163257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-pass-filter","display_name":"Band-pass filter","score":0.2393634021282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2151286005973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homodyne-detection","display_name":"Homodyne detection","score":0.20694944262504578}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.7318756580352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136837220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16996684","display_name":"Image response","level":4,"score":0.6868928670883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6226058602333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158007255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055222","display_name":"Spectrum analyzer","level":2,"score":0.6117494106292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5917547941207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.545769214630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5363205075263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46416853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254758","display_name":"Passband","level":3,"score":0.5308051109313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26351279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227627","display_name":"Direct-conversion receiver","level":3,"score":0.5288230776786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.492829829454422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.47145944833755493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.4508296847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53071545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276615","display_name":"RF front end","level":3,"score":0.4442231059074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55366258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332683","display_name":"Superheterodyne receiver","level":3,"score":0.4410536587238312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8480308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244948","display_name":"Intermediate frequency","level":3,"score":0.4354827404022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33638107776641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2787163257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147788027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2718101","display_name":"Band-pass filter","level":2,"score":0.2393634021282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2151286005973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778184138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626181","display_name":"Homodyne detection","level":2,"score":0.20694944262504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3060578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/23997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/23997","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/8915/1/RIS_V_2.17.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/23997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/23997","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/8915/1/RIS_V_2.17.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314731","display_name":"UK Research and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/001aqnf71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320098","display_name":"Technology Strategy Board","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131509706.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131509706.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039409592","https://openalex.org/W2047684576","https://openalex.org/W2074012793","https://openalex.org/W2117496770","https://openalex.org/W2121069209","https://openalex.org/W2345398976","https://openalex.org/W2552432298","https://openalex.org/W2563131544","https://openalex.org/W2754109780","https://openalex.org/W2904647695","https://openalex.org/W2912063468","https://openalex.org/W2914186718","https://openalex.org/W2953995741","https://openalex.org/W2969312943","https://openalex.org/W2989297769","https://openalex.org/W2996280084","https://openalex.org/W3001094820","https://openalex.org/W3006218435","https://openalex.org/W3016137691","https://openalex.org/W3031354946","https://openalex.org/W6778364841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089372198","https://openalex.org/W2951216817","https://openalex.org/W199272321","https://openalex.org/W4210464455","https://openalex.org/W2502794569","https://openalex.org/W2010079017","https://openalex.org/W2967403140","https://openalex.org/W2484067425","https://openalex.org/W2786600350","https://openalex.org/W2167341054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"existing":[1],"radio":[2],"frequency":[3,22,26,37,76,81],"(RF)":[4],"spectrum":[5,52,92,97],"analyzers":[6,53],"use":[7],"conventional":[8],"superheterodyne":[9],"architecture":[10,50,88],"to":[11,23,72,169],"remove":[12],"images":[13],"associated":[14],"with":[15,100,126],"the":[16,36,108,122,152,163],"down":[17,57,60],"conversion":[18,61],"of":[19,39],"RF":[20,109,164],"input":[21,110],"some":[24],"intermediate":[25],"(IF)":[27],"for":[28,51,102,116],"further":[29],"processing,":[30],"and":[31,104,118,135,160],"their":[32],"complexity":[33],"increases":[34],"as":[35,112,114],"range":[38],"interest":[40],"is":[41,138,158],"extended.":[42],"This":[43,83],"article":[44,84],"describes":[45],"a":[46,74,78,141],"novel":[47],"digital":[48],"system":[49],"based":[54],"on":[55],"quadrature":[56,87],"conversion.":[58],"Quadrature":[59],"architectures":[62],"where":[63],"image":[64,154],"responses":[65],"are":[66,69],"inherently":[67],"rejected":[68],"normally":[70],"used":[71],"analyze":[73],"single":[75],"or":[77],"very":[79],"narrow":[80],"spectrum.":[82],"proposes":[85],"using":[86],"in":[89,107,140,167],"an":[90],"ultrawideband":[91],"analysis":[93],"application.":[94],"A":[95],"wideband":[96],"analyzer":[98],"receiver":[99],"compensation":[101,115],"gain":[103,117],"phase":[105,119],"imbalances":[106,120],"range,":[111],"well":[113],"within":[121],"IF":[123],"passband":[124],"complete":[125],"resolution":[127],"bandwidth":[128,132],"(RBW)":[129],"filtering,":[130,134],"video":[131],"(VBW)":[133],"amplitude":[136],"detection,":[137],"implemented":[139],"low-cost":[142],"field-programmable":[143],"gate":[144],"arrays":[145],"(FPGAs).":[146],"The":[147],"proposed":[148],"method":[149],"still":[150],"achieves":[151],"desired":[153],"rejection":[155],"performance":[156],"specification,":[157],"power-efficient,":[159],"significantly":[161],"simplifies":[162],"front-end":[165],"hardware":[166],"comparison":[168],"state-of-the-art":[170],"methods.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-13T07:31:44.756512","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}