{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132427127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060564","title":"Facial Muscle Activity: High-Sensitivity Noncontact Measurement Using Laser Doppler Vibrometry","display_name":"Facial Muscle Activity: High-Sensitivity Noncontact Measurement Using Laser Doppler Vibrometry","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132427127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060564","mag":"3132427127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3060564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://iris.univpm.it/bitstream/11566/289615/5/1.LDV_MMG_IEEETIM.black.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074722029","display_name":"Sara Casaccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-0816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Casaccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-0816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006703101","display_name":"Erik J. Sirevaag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9732-0825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik J. Sirevaag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9732-0825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073706037","display_name":"Mark G. Frank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0906-1497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark G. Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0906-1497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044333105","display_name":"Joseph A. O\u2019Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-4876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph A. O'Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-4876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008994816","display_name":"Lorenzo Scalise","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Scalise","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090053212","display_name":"John Rohrbaugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6621-6205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W. Rohrbaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6621-6205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1807,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72671395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10971","display_name":"Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10971","display_name":"Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9293000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12032","display_name":"Multisensory perception and integration","score":0.9093000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.8459674119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-muscles","display_name":"Facial muscles","score":0.65925133228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5324761867523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"Disgust","score":0.5181968808174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4804796278476715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.46485435962677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.44925859570503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.43638747930526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.41541823744773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23399049043655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.19869539141654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13472610712051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.07883039116859436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.8459674119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780905192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2341604","display_name":"Facial muscles","level":2,"score":0.65925133228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5324761867523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.5181968808174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4804796278476715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.46485435962677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.44925859570503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.43638747930526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41541823744773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23399049043655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.19869539141654968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13472610712051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.07883039116859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2021.3060564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3060564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/289615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/289615","pdf_url":"https://iris.univpm.it/bitstream/11566/289615/5/1.LDV_MMG_IEEETIM.black.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/289615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/289615","pdf_url":"https://iris.univpm.it/bitstream/11566/289615/5/1.LDV_MMG_IEEETIM.black.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132427127.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132427127.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506732973","https://openalex.org/W1566509906","https://openalex.org/W1577666996","https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W1964793210","https://openalex.org/W1965048186","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1980331490","https://openalex.org/W1984465609","https://openalex.org/W1989333761","https://openalex.org/W1995049711","https://openalex.org/W2002646389","https://openalex.org/W2005135032","https://openalex.org/W2013966076","https://openalex.org/W2024330937","https://openalex.org/W2035018967","https://openalex.org/W2035997830","https://openalex.org/W2040204432","https://openalex.org/W2040590149","https://openalex.org/W2052543545","https://openalex.org/W2057218823","https://openalex.org/W2062024333","https://openalex.org/W2070282392","https://openalex.org/W2070375420","https://openalex.org/W2071729581","https://openalex.org/W2074319623","https://openalex.org/W2080966421","https://openalex.org/W2086580956","https://openalex.org/W2100629958","https://openalex.org/W2100947383","https://openalex.org/W2102570318","https://openalex.org/W2114687943","https://openalex.org/W2127347157","https://openalex.org/W2143508440","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2147972857","https://openalex.org/W2149218301","https://openalex.org/W2164231801","https://openalex.org/W2172157122","https://openalex.org/W2293542248","https://openalex.org/W2323192341","https://openalex.org/W2345305417","https://openalex.org/W2402955625","https://openalex.org/W2530448447","https://openalex.org/W2556247010","https://openalex.org/W2570011896","https://openalex.org/W2806880187","https://openalex.org/W2906004658","https://openalex.org/W2906170853","https://openalex.org/W2946287218","https://openalex.org/W2947927293","https://openalex.org/W3029144613","https://openalex.org/W3119833370","https://openalex.org/W4211232216","https://openalex.org/W4233099317","https://openalex.org/W4246372895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3128481469","https://openalex.org/W2519456985","https://openalex.org/W1761974557","https://openalex.org/W2230532661","https://openalex.org/W2774006002","https://openalex.org/W78219618","https://openalex.org/W2120349266","https://openalex.org/W2947927293","https://openalex.org/W2101311059","https://openalex.org/W2246499499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,30,181,194],"is":[2,9,53,183],"regulated":[3],"by":[4,74,198],"facial":[5,29,72,82,129,180,210,238],"muscles":[6,98,130],"and":[7,23,49,52],"it":[8],"an":[10,55,120],"important":[11],"communication":[12],"modality,":[13],"generally":[14,184],"held":[15],"to":[16,144,216,235],"convey":[17],"signs":[18,225],"of":[19,28,37,57,71,81,90,105,113,135,142,152,168,189,193,203,226],"emotion,":[20],"stress,":[21],"pain,":[22],"social":[24],"engagement.":[25],"The":[26,140,166],"assessment":[27,127],"has":[31,66],"a":[32,35,175,178,199,204],"role":[33],"in":[34,103,174,223],"variety":[36],"scientific":[38],"areas,":[39],"as":[40,42],"well":[41],"applied":[43],"situations,":[44],"including":[45,111],"affective":[46],"computing,":[47],"marketing,":[48],"clinical":[50],"evaluation,":[51],"now":[54],"area":[56],"intensive":[58],"development":[59],"using":[60,131],"computerized":[61],"image":[62],"processing":[63],"approaches.":[64],"Assessment":[65],"conventionally":[67],"involved":[68],"the":[69,79,91,96,125,132,150,153,163,169,187,220],"analysis":[70],"images":[73],"trained":[75],"coders,":[76],"relying":[77],"on":[78,149],"parsing":[80],"movements":[83],"into":[84],"standardized":[85],"elemental":[86],"actions.":[87,239],"Direct":[88],"measurement":[89,122],"electromyographic":[92],"(EMG)":[93],"activity":[94,147],"from":[95,128],"engaged":[97],"offers":[99],"theoretical":[100],"advantages,":[101],"especially":[102],"terms":[104],"sensitivity,":[106],"but":[107],"involves":[108],"burdensome":[109],"procedures,":[110],"application":[112,141],"electrodes.":[114],"In":[115],"this":[116],"article,":[117],"we":[118],"describe":[119],"alternative":[121],"method":[123,171],"for":[124],"direct":[126],"noncontact":[133],"technique":[134],"laser":[136],"Doppler":[137],"vibrometry":[138],"(LDV).":[139],"LDV":[143,170,212],"measuring":[145],"muscle":[146,156],"relies":[148],"detection":[151],"small":[154],"lateral":[155],"vibration":[157],"signals":[158,213],"that":[159,182,231],"accompany":[160],"contraction":[161],"along":[162],"longitudinal":[164],"axis.":[165],"sensitivity":[167],"was":[172],"demonstrated":[173],"study":[176],"involving":[177],"posed":[179],"associated":[185],"with":[186,219],"emotion":[188],"disgust.":[190],"Ascending":[191],"sequences":[192],"strength":[195],"were":[196,214,232],"anchored":[197],"condition":[200],"entailing":[201],"imagery":[202],"disgusting":[205],"odor":[206],"while":[207],"avoiding":[208],"visible":[209,237],"expression.":[211],"shown":[215],"compare":[217],"favorably":[218],"simultaneous":[221],"EMG,":[222],"disclosing":[224],"activation":[227],"even":[228],"at":[229],"levels":[230],"not":[233],"sufficient":[234],"produce":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}