{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3115226550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3045798","title":"Fault Diagnosis of Conventional Circuit Breaker Contact System Based on Time\u2013Frequency Analysis and Improved AlexNet","display_name":"Fault Diagnosis of Conventional Circuit Breaker Contact System Based on Time\u2013Frequency Analysis and Improved AlexNet","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3115226550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3045798","mag":"3115226550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3045798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3045798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011896267","display_name":"Shuguang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-0932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuguang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329624","display_name":"Tingting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-8535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101511150","display_name":"Li Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7882-8970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036002815","display_name":"Jingqin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-9901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingqin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100782827","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-6094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049106983","display_name":"Zhitao Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-3689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhitao Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102796987","display_name":"Yao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2251-2261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011896267"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9442,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98062445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13341","display_name":"Belt Conveyor Systems Engineering","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-breaker","display_name":"Circuit breaker","score":0.745613157749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6815067529678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6195731163024902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.604948103427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5853543877601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5570804476737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5341765880584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.46640291810035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.45196422934532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.4424351155757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43522629141807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4104652404785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35022279620170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3450261950492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.3192867934703827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.26074665784835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20459741353988647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.745613157749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6815067529678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6195731163024902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.604948103427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5853543877601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5570804476737976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5341765880584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.46640291810035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.45196422934532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.4424351155757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43522629141807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4104652404785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35022279620170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3450261950492859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.3192867934703827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.26074665784835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20459741353988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3045798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3045798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2145165556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51777057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6521257098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZD2016108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321949","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Hebei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7318505841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E2020202142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321949","display_name":"Department of Education of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01jkyjd96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543198777","https://openalex.org/W1597576211","https://openalex.org/W2062184241","https://openalex.org/W2079874850","https://openalex.org/W2100028154","https://openalex.org/W2155601641","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2343232582","https://openalex.org/W2766232596","https://openalex.org/W2767234670","https://openalex.org/W2768753204","https://openalex.org/W2770049107","https://openalex.org/W2785523195","https://openalex.org/W2802568672","https://openalex.org/W2805408935","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2922660557","https://openalex.org/W2941753884","https://openalex.org/W2944175535","https://openalex.org/W2946525982","https://openalex.org/W2953741480","https://openalex.org/W2963911037","https://openalex.org/W2965625921","https://openalex.org/W2980201327","https://openalex.org/W3001416520","https://openalex.org/W3044440667","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6747620207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186957643","https://openalex.org/W2169296235","https://openalex.org/W4313289174","https://openalex.org/W2383147444","https://openalex.org/W2160345097","https://openalex.org/W2370462073","https://openalex.org/W2351129194","https://openalex.org/W2369017828","https://openalex.org/W1999891282","https://openalex.org/W2361809848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,69,102,128],"eliminate":[3],"the":[4,20,47,56,71,76,81,87,94,104,111,114,130,133,148,155,158,164,170,174,178],"influence":[5],"of":[6,23,36,51,113,157,167,173],"parameter":[7],"predefined":[8],"caused":[9],"by":[10,45],"manual":[11],"feature":[12,16],"extraction,":[13,17],"achieve":[14],"fast":[15],"and":[18,58,93,162],"improve":[19],"recognition":[21],"rate":[22],"fault":[24,34,171],"diagnosis,":[25],"a":[26,66],"2-D":[27],"convolution":[28],"neural":[29],"network":[30,88,90,168],"(CNN)":[31],"method":[32,50],"for":[33,177],"diagnosis":[35,172],"conventional":[37,179],"circuit":[38,180],"breaker":[39,181],"contact":[40,175],"system":[41,176],"is":[42,63,84,100,126,152,182],"proposed.":[43],"First,":[44],"introducing":[46],"data":[48],"preprocessing":[49],"continuous":[52],"wavelet":[53],"transform":[54],"(CWT),":[55],"nonlinear":[57],"nonstationary":[59],"original":[60],"vibration":[61],"signal":[62],"transformed":[64,72],"into":[65],"time-frequency":[67,150],"image":[68,73,151],"extract":[70],"features.":[74],"Second,":[75],"convolutional":[77],"layer":[78,99],"module":[79],"in":[80,89],"AlexNet":[82,116,160],"model":[83,145,161],"combined":[85],"with":[86],"(NIN)":[91],"module,":[92],"global":[95],"average":[96],"pooling":[97],"(GAP)":[98],"adopted":[101,127],"replace":[103],"fully":[105],"connected":[106],"(FC)":[107],"layer,":[108],"which":[109],"realizes":[110],"improvement":[112],"traditional":[115],"model.":[117],"Then,":[118],"an":[119],"improved":[120,159],"Adam":[121,134],"optimization":[122,135,143],"algorithm,":[123],"namely,":[124],"AMSGrad,":[125],"solve":[129],"problem":[131],"that":[132],"algorithm":[136],"may":[137],"not":[138],"converge":[139],"or":[140],"produce":[141],"local":[142],"during":[144],"training.":[146],"Finally,":[147],"preprocessed":[149],"taken":[153],"as":[154],"input":[156],"through":[163],"supervised":[165],"adjustment":[166],"parameters,":[169],"realized":[183],"accurately.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
