{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094351007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3032187","title":"Linearized Sigma\u2013Delta-Based Direct Digital Converter for GMR Sensors","display_name":"Linearized Sigma\u2013Delta-Based Direct Digital Converter for GMR Sensors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094351007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3032187","mag":"3094351007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3032187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3032187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054433984","display_name":"Tapabrata Sen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1068-3840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tapabrata Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041679557","display_name":"C. S. Anoop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4819-7386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I882761360","display_name":"Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05k37ht14","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I882761360"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anoop Chandrika Sreekantan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Avionics, IIST Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Avionics, IIST Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I882761360"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049055278","display_name":"Siddhartha Sen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6501-6386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhartha Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054433984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7192,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70821007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.7951558828353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decimation","display_name":"Decimation","score":0.6679497957229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6508368253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Analog-to-digital converter","score":0.5825573801994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.49613699316978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.46581506729125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.45824524760246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.42614060640335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-to-analog-converter","display_name":"Digital-to-analog converter","score":0.4117189347743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.39654412865638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.09291431307792664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.7951558828353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173642442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253346","display_name":"Decimation","level":3,"score":0.6679497957229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6508368253707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777271169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190169","display_name":"Analog-to-digital converter","level":3,"score":0.5825573801994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.49613699316978455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.46581506729125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45824524760246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.42614060640335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779879419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210863","display_name":"Digital-to-analog converter","level":3,"score":0.4117189347743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39654412865638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.09291431307792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3032187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3032187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605564925","https://openalex.org/W628358279","https://openalex.org/W629257335","https://openalex.org/W1038327613","https://openalex.org/W1504571758","https://openalex.org/W1597866562","https://openalex.org/W1973684500","https://openalex.org/W2000166189","https://openalex.org/W2070237542","https://openalex.org/W2089611880","https://openalex.org/W2091283404","https://openalex.org/W2109256542","https://openalex.org/W2133868068","https://openalex.org/W2171260279","https://openalex.org/W2192101823","https://openalex.org/W2256195397","https://openalex.org/W2432708913","https://openalex.org/W2502108917","https://openalex.org/W2512616196","https://openalex.org/W2605750331","https://openalex.org/W2725064640","https://openalex.org/W2760113073","https://openalex.org/W2769914128","https://openalex.org/W2942524237","https://openalex.org/W2944438468","https://openalex.org/W2956435558","https://openalex.org/W2970906998","https://openalex.org/W2996507421","https://openalex.org/W3004543376","https://openalex.org/W3011277208","https://openalex.org/W6673173690","https://openalex.org/W6775227570"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2351093380","https://openalex.org/W4391878374","https://openalex.org/W1961964945","https://openalex.org/W2151826803","https://openalex.org/W2295545279","https://openalex.org/W2375446025","https://openalex.org/W2538644838","https://openalex.org/W249384923","https://openalex.org/W2398420255","https://openalex.org/W1605395211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"direct":[1],"digital":[2,37,45,91,171],"converter,":[3],"based":[4],"on":[5],"the":[6,25,40,60,76,120,141,144,160,164,176],"sigma-delta":[7,31,102],"modulation":[8],"principle,":[9],"is":[10,47,87,104,123,134,146],"proposed":[11,21,61,165],"in":[12,97,175],"this":[13],"article":[14],"for":[15,148],"giant":[16],"magnetoresistance":[17],"(GMR)":[18],"sensors.":[19],"The":[20,44,84,112,154],"converter":[22,54,103,145],"intelligently":[23],"integrates":[24],"GMR":[26,138],"sensors":[27],"with":[28,136,167],"an":[29,131],"improved":[30],"modulator":[32,85],"and":[33,93,109,119,140,150],"provides":[34],"a":[35,67,90,98,137],"linear":[36],"indication":[38],"of":[39,59,66,143,157,163],"input":[41],"magnetic":[42],"field.":[43],"output":[46],"obtained":[48],"directly,":[49],"without":[50],"using":[51,107],"any":[52],"analog-to-digital":[53],"modules.":[55],"Some":[56],"additional":[57],"merits":[58],"interface":[62],"are:":[63],"1)":[64],"requirement":[65],"single":[68],"reference":[69],"voltage;":[70],"2)":[71],"easy-to-use":[72],"facility":[73],"to":[74,125,169],"tune/enhance":[75],"overall":[77],"sensitivity;":[78],"3)":[79],"low":[80],"conversion":[81],"time":[82],"etc.":[83],"circuit":[86],"followed":[88],"by":[89],"filter":[92],"decimation":[94],"circuit,":[95],"implemented":[96],"microcontroller":[99],"unit.":[100],"This":[101],"validated":[105],"extensively":[106],"simulation":[108],"emulation":[110],"studies.":[111],"results":[113],"from":[114],"these":[115],"studies":[116],"corroborate":[117],"well,":[118],"maximum":[121],"nonlinearity":[122,156],"found":[124],"be":[126],"less":[127],"than":[128],"0.12%.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"experimental":[132,155],"prototype":[133],"developed":[135],"sensor,":[139],"functionality":[142],"tested":[147],"static":[149],"time-varying":[151],"field":[152],"inputs.":[153],"0.69%":[158],"shows":[159],"better":[161],"performance":[162],"scheme":[166],"respect":[168],"other":[170],"digitizer":[172],"circuits":[173],"present":[174],"literature.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}