{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044512749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3011490","title":"Design and Calibration Techniques for a Multichannel FPGA-Based Time-to-Digital Converter in an Object Positioning System","display_name":"Design and Calibration Techniques for a Multichannel FPGA-Based Time-to-Digital Converter in an Object Positioning System","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044512749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3011490","mag":"3044512749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3011490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3011490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048458338","display_name":"Kyujin Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6494-0569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyu-Jin Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085025738","display_name":"Dong\u2010Woo Jee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9273-9069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Woo Jee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048458338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87303998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7473880648612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6688808798789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5668108463287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.5509230494499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.5472018122673035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.5390007495880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-nonlinearity","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","score":0.531202495098114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5149911046028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.300479918718338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25957775115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.18144062161445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14230936765670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.12899073958396912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7473880648612976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6688808798789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5668108463287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.5509230494499207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5472018122673035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.5390007495880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71217194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575958","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","level":3,"score":0.531202495098114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5149911046028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.300479918718338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25957775115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.18144062161445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14230936765670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.12899073958396912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2020.3011490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3011490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3450753392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RF-2018R1C1B6003216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4797128000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A5A1027055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549055430","https://openalex.org/W1996874179","https://openalex.org/W2034078593","https://openalex.org/W2056848692","https://openalex.org/W2059944403","https://openalex.org/W2083238829","https://openalex.org/W2102674458","https://openalex.org/W2103760225","https://openalex.org/W2128926780","https://openalex.org/W2134060757","https://openalex.org/W2134814047","https://openalex.org/W2136682398","https://openalex.org/W2140489157","https://openalex.org/W2159915428","https://openalex.org/W2166268103","https://openalex.org/W2170348237","https://openalex.org/W2200308833","https://openalex.org/W2212877209","https://openalex.org/W2414663953","https://openalex.org/W2469812164","https://openalex.org/W2551996174","https://openalex.org/W2782821369","https://openalex.org/W2804896529","https://openalex.org/W2906868222","https://openalex.org/W2969290707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2237891095","https://openalex.org/W3193786683","https://openalex.org/W2337531362","https://openalex.org/W2141767635","https://openalex.org/W2333058052","https://openalex.org/W2027271865","https://openalex.org/W2605672202","https://openalex.org/W4306173787","https://openalex.org/W2905193124","https://openalex.org/W2971835802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"multichannel":[1],"field-programmable":[2],"gate":[3],"array":[4],"(FPGA)-based":[5],"time-to-digital":[6],"converter":[7],"(TDC)":[8],"and":[9,20,28,38,45,63,92],"its":[10],"calibration":[11,34,53],"techniques":[12,75],"are":[13,30],"presented.":[14],"Herein,":[15],"a":[16,21,79,85,118],"frequency-tracker-based":[17],"sliding-scale":[18],"technique":[19,35],"moving-average":[22],"filter":[23],"to":[24,78],"improve":[25],"the":[26,48,55,60,69,111],"linearity":[27,66],"resolution":[29,109],"proposed.":[31],"The":[32,51,73,89,107],"error":[33],"automatically":[36],"detects":[37],"corrects":[39],"conversion":[40],"errors":[41],"caused":[42],"by":[43],"variations":[44],"mismatches":[46],"in":[47,68],"propagation":[49],"delays.":[50],"gain":[52],"extracts":[54],"average":[56],"bin":[57],"width":[58],"of":[59,95,104,110,122],"fine":[61],"TDC":[62,81],"resolves":[64],"any":[65],"degradation":[67],"coarse/fine":[70],"interpolation":[71],"architecture.":[72],"proposed":[74],"were":[76,98],"applied":[77],"four-channel":[80],"design":[82],"implemented":[83],"on":[84],"Xilinx":[86],"Artix-7":[87],"FPGA.":[88],"measured":[90],"differential":[91],"integral":[93],"nonlinearities":[94],"all":[96],"channels":[97],"within":[99],"0.51":[100],"least":[101],"significant":[102],"bit":[103],"4.88":[105],"ps.":[106],"root-mean-squared":[108],"output":[112],"code":[113],"was":[114],"2.90-8.03":[115],"ps":[116],"across":[117],"wide":[119],"input":[120],"range":[121],"350":[123],"\u03bcs.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
