{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2998471161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2962563","title":"Visible Light Positioning System Based on a Quadrant Photodiode and Encoding Techniques","display_name":"Visible Light Positioning System Based on a Quadrant Photodiode and Encoding Techniques","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2998471161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2962563","mag":"2998471161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2962563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2962563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/10017/59588/3/Visible_Aparicio_IEEE_TIM_2020.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030195379","display_name":"Elena Aparicio-Esteve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-312X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Aparicio-Esteve","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-312X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063313091","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9308-8133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Hernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9308-8133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038690328","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Ure\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1408-6039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Urena","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1408-6039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013985635","display_name":"J.M. Villadangos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5900-0978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose M. Villadangos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5900-0978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6448,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83827026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"8","first_page":"5589","last_page":"5603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.8188707828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.6756030321121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.6370934247970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5444068908691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5433107614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.5278634428977966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5123201608657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triangulation","display_name":"Triangulation","score":0.49587854743003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.4872407019138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43391188979148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.4131104052066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4106106460094452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3559010326862335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2578096091747284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22015589475631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2105647623538971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20568907260894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09072524309158325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.8188707828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.6756030321121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.6370934247970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5444068908691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5433107614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.5278634428977966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5123201608657837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.49587854743003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4872407019138336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43391188979148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.4131104052066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4106106460094452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3559010326862335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2578096091747284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22015589475631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2105647623538971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20568907260894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09072524309158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2962563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2962563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/59588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10017/59588","pdf_url":"https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/10017/59588/3/Visible_Aparicio_IEEE_TIM_2020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055200","display_name":"e_Buah","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/59588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10017/59588","pdf_url":"https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/bitstream/10017/59588/3/Visible_Aparicio_IEEE_TIM_2020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055200","display_name":"e_Buah","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2998471161.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50836794","https://openalex.org/W645858429","https://openalex.org/W1491155783","https://openalex.org/W1542403642","https://openalex.org/W1632416261","https://openalex.org/W1640168056","https://openalex.org/W1655985764","https://openalex.org/W1828856072","https://openalex.org/W1900326120","https://openalex.org/W1960836024","https://openalex.org/W1971139493","https://openalex.org/W1980935581","https://openalex.org/W1994160788","https://openalex.org/W1994689085","https://openalex.org/W2011831153","https://openalex.org/W2050835902","https://openalex.org/W2051162467","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2100816365","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2111566853","https://openalex.org/W2122849319","https://openalex.org/W2153663142","https://openalex.org/W2276786514","https://openalex.org/W2283857389","https://openalex.org/W2290119369","https://openalex.org/W2334810269","https://openalex.org/W2498596305","https://openalex.org/W2566091547","https://openalex.org/W2579508568","https://openalex.org/W2587443115","https://openalex.org/W2587487731","https://openalex.org/W2611247258","https://openalex.org/W2611469292","https://openalex.org/W2612961076","https://openalex.org/W2624890707","https://openalex.org/W2625018330","https://openalex.org/W2742346654","https://openalex.org/W2768361931","https://openalex.org/W2768910390","https://openalex.org/W2771125085","https://openalex.org/W2789574978","https://openalex.org/W2791124749","https://openalex.org/W2792122773","https://openalex.org/W2795041516","https://openalex.org/W2799914042","https://openalex.org/W2895735188","https://openalex.org/W2900746857","https://openalex.org/W2915363717","https://openalex.org/W2963178375","https://openalex.org/W2990472302","https://openalex.org/W3148268464","https://openalex.org/W3182935790","https://openalex.org/W4246923912","https://openalex.org/W4302339339","https://openalex.org/W6695545228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W2779101090","https://openalex.org/W2289948051","https://openalex.org/W3096625689","https://openalex.org/W1938994607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible":[0],"light":[1,125],"positioning":[2,11,212],"systems":[3,12],"(VLPSs)":[4],"are":[5],"a":[6,63,73,81],"feasible":[7],"alternative":[8],"to":[9,14,26,47,94,107,129,182],"local":[10],"due":[13],"the":[15,36,48,53,60,84,87,92,103,109,112,116,119,124,131,136,153,184,190,223,227],"technology":[16],"improvement":[17],"and":[18,72,91,161,167,173,206,217,226,231],"massive":[19],"use":[20],"of":[21,62,86,115,121,123,133,189,229],"light-emitting":[22],"diodes":[23],"(LEDs).":[24],"Compared":[25],"other":[27],"technologies,":[28],"VLPSs":[29],"can":[30],"provide":[31],"significant":[32],"advantages,":[33],"such":[34,170],"as":[35,70,80,171],"achieved":[37],"accuracy,":[38],"although":[39],"they":[40],"still":[41],"present":[42],"some":[43,196],"issues,":[44],"mainly":[45],"related":[46],"reduced":[49],"coverage":[50],"area":[51],"or":[52],"high":[54],"computational":[55],"load.":[56],"This":[57],"article":[58],"proposes":[59],"design":[61],"VLPS":[64],"based":[65,142],"on":[66,143],"four":[67],"LED":[68,154],"lamps":[69],"transmitters":[71],"quadrant":[74],"photodiode":[75],"angular":[76],"diversity":[77],"aperture":[78,93],"(QADA)":[79],"receiver.":[82],"As":[83],"shape":[85],"QADA":[88],"is":[89,99,147],"circular":[90],"be":[95],"installed":[96],"over":[97],"it":[98],"square,":[100],"we":[101],"derive":[102],"corresponding":[104],"general":[105],"equations":[106],"obtain":[108],"currents":[110],"through":[111],"different":[113],"pads":[114],"QADA,":[117],"regarding":[118],"angle":[120,132],"incidence":[122,134],"(and,":[126],"inversely,":[127],"how":[128],"estimate":[130,183],"from":[135,152],"measured":[137],"currents).":[138],"An":[139],"encoding":[140],"scheme":[141],"1023-bit":[144],"Kasami":[145],"sequences":[146],"proposed":[148],"for":[149,220],"every":[150],"transmission":[151],"lamps,":[155],"thus":[156],"providing":[157],"multiple":[158],"access":[159],"capability":[160],"robustness":[162],"against":[163],"low":[164],"signal-to-noise":[165],"ratios":[166],"harsh":[168],"conditions,":[169],"multipath":[172],"near-far":[174],"effect.":[175],"A":[176],"triangulation":[177],"technique":[178],"has":[179,201],"been":[180,202],"applied":[181],"receiver's":[185],"position,":[186],"by":[187,204,207],"means":[188],"least-squares":[191],"estimator":[192],"(LSE),":[193],"together":[194],"with":[195],"geometrical":[197],"considerations.":[198],"The":[199],"proposal":[200],"validated":[203],"simulation":[205],"experimental":[208],"tests,":[209],"obtaining":[210],"3-D":[211],"average":[213],"errors":[214],"below":[215],"13":[216],"5.5":[218],"cm":[219],"separations":[221],"between":[222],"transmitters'":[224],"plane":[225],"receiver":[228],"2":[230],"1":[232],"m,":[233],"respectively.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}