{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969783139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2936694","title":"Microwave Synthesis for the PTB Cesium Fountain Clocks","display_name":"Microwave Synthesis for the PTB Cesium Fountain Clocks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969783139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2936694","mag":"2969783139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2936694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2936694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072247432","display_name":"Michael Kazda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-8497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Kazda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068179629","display_name":"Vladislav Gerginov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-8330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladislav Gerginov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA","Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030333928","display_name":"B. Lipphardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-1914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burghard Lipphardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004284842","display_name":"S. Weyers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4484-6481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Weyers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Brunswick, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072247432"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10908407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"3711","last_page":"3718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fountain","display_name":"Fountain","score":0.773331880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.7292029857635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.6826013922691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-synthesizer","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","score":0.5633662343025208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-standard","display_name":"Frequency standard","score":0.49563515186309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-clock","display_name":"Atomic clock","score":0.4948880076408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4653184413909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4543170630931854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4365329146385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4338463246822357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-oscillator","display_name":"Local oscillator","score":0.4266544580459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3568875789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3499071002006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3309527039527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.32798099517822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17044001817703247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778379427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483453","display_name":"Fountain","level":2,"score":0.773331880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.7292029857635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.6826013922691345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182099602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660678","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","level":4,"score":0.5633662343025208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131221115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362396","display_name":"Frequency standard","level":2,"score":0.49563515186309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196597080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227467","display_name":"Atomic clock","level":2,"score":0.4948880076408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4653184413909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4543170630931854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4365329146385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4338463246822357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203597036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238887","display_name":"Local oscillator","level":3,"score":0.4266544580459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3568875789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3499071002006531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3309527039527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.32798099517822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17044001817703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2936694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2936694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137228747","https://openalex.org/W1264452269","https://openalex.org/W1480563975","https://openalex.org/W1518855346","https://openalex.org/W1547406171","https://openalex.org/W1969851202","https://openalex.org/W1971641296","https://openalex.org/W1973066294","https://openalex.org/W1998633296","https://openalex.org/W2002365364","https://openalex.org/W2015697100","https://openalex.org/W2024525062","https://openalex.org/W2035111818","https://openalex.org/W2057478419","https://openalex.org/W2058996386","https://openalex.org/W2062543450","https://openalex.org/W2065246266","https://openalex.org/W2085777758","https://openalex.org/W2097517636","https://openalex.org/W2106503862","https://openalex.org/W2112791888","https://openalex.org/W2119080535","https://openalex.org/W2132204557","https://openalex.org/W2133238364","https://openalex.org/W2136558175","https://openalex.org/W2138487740","https://openalex.org/W2141492992","https://openalex.org/W2148693407","https://openalex.org/W2154453737","https://openalex.org/W2154788000","https://openalex.org/W2162864140","https://openalex.org/W2163508343","https://openalex.org/W2404408014","https://openalex.org/W2469633218","https://openalex.org/W2521607478","https://openalex.org/W2548380568","https://openalex.org/W2555048405","https://openalex.org/W2584542734","https://openalex.org/W2891232679","https://openalex.org/W3101062039","https://openalex.org/W3103713805","https://openalex.org/W3143261198","https://openalex.org/W6605518685","https://openalex.org/W6631131221","https://openalex.org/W6945032682"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2552577656","https://openalex.org/W2101331760","https://openalex.org/W2520885533","https://openalex.org/W2169521446","https://openalex.org/W2534825453","https://openalex.org/W2952185057","https://openalex.org/W1969851202","https://openalex.org/W1945428211","https://openalex.org/W1996698408","https://openalex.org/W2178439540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microwave":[0],"synthesizers":[1,24],"that":[2],"are":[3,21,25,79,91,104],"used":[4],"to":[5,56,132],"generate":[6],"microwave":[7,46,101],"signals":[8],"for":[9,40,159],"the":[10,17,82,88,97,120,133,137,148],"CSF1":[11],"and":[12,31,36,60,75,119,125],"CSF2":[13],"fountain":[14,89,149,161],"clocks":[15],"at":[16],"Physikalisch-Technische":[18],"Bundesanstalt":[19],"(PTB)":[20],"described.":[22],"The":[23,64,112,141],"based":[26],"on":[27,87],"a":[28,32,53,123],"divider":[29],"chain":[30],"digital":[33],"frequency":[34,127],"synthesis":[35],"have":[37,49],"been":[38,50],"designed":[39,51],"use":[41],"with":[42,106,147],"an":[43,67,116],"optically":[44],"stabilized":[45],"oscillator.":[47],"They":[48],"in":[52,109],"modular":[54],"fashion":[55],"assure":[57],"long-term":[58,76],"operation":[59],"low":[61],"down":[62],"times.":[63],"results":[65],"of":[66,70,84,95,100,136],"in-depth":[68],"examination":[69],"spectral":[71],"purity,":[72],"phase":[73,77],"noise,":[74],"stability":[78],"presented.":[80],"Also,":[81],"implications":[83],"measured":[85],"parameters":[86],"timing":[90],"assessed.":[92,140],"Two":[93],"methods":[94],"suppressing":[96],"frequency-shifting":[98],"effect":[99],"leakage":[102],"fields":[103],"implemented,":[105],"one":[107],"method":[108,114],"each":[110],"synthesizer.":[111],"first":[113],"uses":[115,122],"interferometric":[117],"switch,":[118],"second":[121],"phase-coherent":[124],"phase-preserving":[126],"detuning":[128],"scheme;":[129],"their":[130],"contribution":[131,145],"systematic":[134,143],"uncertainty":[135,144],"fountains":[138],"is":[139,151],"overall":[142],"associated":[146],"electronics":[150],"below":[152],"1":[153],"\u00d7":[154],"10":[155],"<sup":[156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-17</sup>":[158],"both":[160],"clocks.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
