{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966145430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","title":"Enhancing Nutt-Based Time-to-Digital Converter Performance With Internal Systematic Averaging","display_name":"Enhancing Nutt-Based Time-to-Digital Converter Performance With Internal Systematic Averaging","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966145430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","mag":"2966145430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9091648/08789461.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9091648/08789461.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011819477","display_name":"Jussi-Pekka Jansson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-6702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jussi-Pekka Jansson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-6702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072877592","display_name":"Pekka Ker\u00e4nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5447-0866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pekka Keranen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5447-0866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012146581","display_name":"Sahba Jahromi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-3085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahba Jahromi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-3085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041576376","display_name":"Juha Kostamovaara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Kostamovaara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-8951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Circuits and Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9687,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76434106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"3928","last_page":"3935"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.8034887313842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.7961395978927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integral-nonlinearity","display_name":"Integral nonlinearity","score":0.6292327642440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.6188040375709534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5492010116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.536492645740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49662071466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-nonlinearity","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","score":0.4905911982059479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4753020703792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4612369239330292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.44357335567474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42579221725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30298590660095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.22991779446601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18999028205871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.1695740520954132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14790430665016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1447429656982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1353987753391266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12935814261436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.12713336944580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1140991747379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10963350534439087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.8034887313842773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.7961395978927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130829357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665386","display_name":"Integral nonlinearity","level":4,"score":0.6292327642440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6188040375709534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5492010116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.536492645740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49662071466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71217194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575958","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","level":3,"score":0.4905911982059479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4753020703792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4612369239330292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.44357335567474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42579221725463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30298590660095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.22991779446601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18999028205871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.1695740520954132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14790430665016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1447429656982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1353987753391266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12935814261436462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.12713336944580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1140991747379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10963350534439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9091648/08789461.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2019121046456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2019121046456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2932156","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/19/9091648/08789461.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2414992422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"307362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5900970666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"317144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7707304721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"285683","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966145430.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966145430.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608274462","https://openalex.org/W1969469598","https://openalex.org/W1970584854","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W1994468577","https://openalex.org/W1998113239","https://openalex.org/W2006250609","https://openalex.org/W2009799816","https://openalex.org/W2015875528","https://openalex.org/W2032274442","https://openalex.org/W2054873125","https://openalex.org/W2056154967","https://openalex.org/W2065992070","https://openalex.org/W2074493578","https://openalex.org/W2102674458","https://openalex.org/W2103429594","https://openalex.org/W2110815580","https://openalex.org/W2111146745","https://openalex.org/W2126344173","https://openalex.org/W2127772833","https://openalex.org/W2128081842","https://openalex.org/W2128282260","https://openalex.org/W2130040053","https://openalex.org/W2134713152","https://openalex.org/W2136246827","https://openalex.org/W2141493752","https://openalex.org/W2157194265","https://openalex.org/W2159003280","https://openalex.org/W2171210937","https://openalex.org/W2185646054","https://openalex.org/W2290777953","https://openalex.org/W2512157891","https://openalex.org/W2718345667","https://openalex.org/W2769058763","https://openalex.org/W2793936744","https://openalex.org/W4301908153","https://openalex.org/W6649064377","https://openalex.org/W6675463404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141767635","https://openalex.org/W2237891095","https://openalex.org/W3193786683","https://openalex.org/W4377235297","https://openalex.org/W2571098816","https://openalex.org/W4285203728","https://openalex.org/W2518056209","https://openalex.org/W2337531362","https://openalex.org/W3129049868","https://openalex.org/W2333058052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"time-to-digital":[1],"converter":[2],"(TDC)":[3],"often":[4],"consists":[5],"of":[6,78,117],"sophisticated,":[7],"multilevel,":[8],"subgate":[9],"delay":[10],"structures,":[11],"when":[12],"time":[13,69,94],"intervals":[14,70],"need":[15],"to":[16,33,66],"be":[17,41,126],"measured":[18],"precisely.":[19,71],"The":[20,49,129],"resolution":[21],"improvement":[22],"is":[23,99],"rewarding":[24],"until":[25],"integral":[26],"nonlinearity":[27,151],"(INL)":[28],"and":[29,46,56,95,122],"random":[30,123],"jitter":[31],"begins":[32],"limit":[34],"the":[35,92,112,115],"measurement":[36,93],"performance.":[37],"INL":[38],"can":[39,125],"then":[40],"minimized":[42],"with":[43],"calibration":[44,149],"techniques":[45],"result":[47],"postprocessing.":[48],"TDC":[50,132],"architecture":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53],"a":[54],"counter":[55],"timing":[57],"signal":[58],"interpolation":[59,120],"(the":[60],"Nutt":[61],"method)":[62],"makes":[63],"it":[64],"possible":[65],"measure":[67],"long":[68],"It":[72,98],"also":[73],"offers":[74],"an":[75],"effective":[76],"means":[77],"improving":[79],"precision":[80,145],"by":[81,103],"averaging.":[82],"Traditional":[83],"averaging,":[84],"however,":[85],"demands":[86],"several":[87,105],"successive":[88],"measurements,":[89],"which":[90],"increases":[91],"power":[96],"consumption.":[97],"shown":[100],"here":[101],"that":[102,107],"using":[104],"interpolators":[106],"are":[108],"sampled":[109],"homogeneously":[110],"over":[111],"clock":[113],"period,":[114],"effects":[116],"limited":[118],"resolution,":[119],"nonlinearities,":[121],"noise":[124],"markedly":[127],"reduced.":[128],"designed":[130],"CMOS":[131],"utilizing":[133],"internal":[134],"systematic":[135],"sampling":[136],"technique":[137],"achieves":[138],"3.0-ps":[139],"root":[140],"mean":[141],"square":[142],"(RMS)":[143],"single-shot":[144],"without":[146],"any":[147],"additional":[148],"or":[150],"correction.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
