{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923889093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2901550","title":"The Design and Development of a Tabletop Kibble Balance at NIST","display_name":"The Design and Development of a Tabletop Kibble Balance at NIST","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923889093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2901550","mag":"2923889093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2901550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2901550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089943656","display_name":"Leon Chao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-4019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-4019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072752212","display_name":"F. Seifert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4963-5424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Seifert","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082876796","display_name":"D. Haddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9716-3310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darine Haddad","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068220786","display_name":"Julian Stirling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-9237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Stirling","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006474578","display_name":"David B. Newell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2612-1172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Newell","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073846453","display_name":"Stephan Schlamminger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-4018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Schlamminger","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4215,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91072525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"6","first_page":"2176","last_page":"2182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13414","display_name":"Radioactive Decay and Measurement Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.7844465970993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kilogram","display_name":"Kilogram","score":0.7403091192245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planck-constant","display_name":"Planck constant","score":0.7372891306877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-system-of-units","display_name":"International System of Units","score":0.682900071144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metrology","display_name":"Metrology","score":0.6245155930519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5357586145401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"Balance (ability)","score":0.4491361379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.44906607270240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.4147884249687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.41027188301086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37859660387039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34806302189826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32894885540008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3020480275154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2853797376155853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17471644282341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.14317914843559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.13779526948928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.1226961612701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08716881275177002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.7844465970993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207892153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11570","display_name":"Kilogram","level":3,"score":0.7403091192245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197111296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122894","display_name":"Planck constant","level":3,"score":0.7372891306877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87585026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12457","display_name":"International System of Units","level":3,"score":0.682900071144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195766429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q394","display_name":"Metrology","level":2,"score":0.6245155930519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5357586145401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.4491361379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44906607270240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4147884249687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.41027188301086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37859660387039185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34806302189826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32894885540008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3020480275154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2853797376155853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17471644282341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.14317914843559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.13779526948928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.1226961612701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08716881275177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2019.2901550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2019.2901550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2471742536","https://openalex.org/W2526158836","https://openalex.org/W2733800467","https://openalex.org/W2899406259","https://openalex.org/W3099848513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2027353765","https://openalex.org/W2899406259","https://openalex.org/W3085714449","https://openalex.org/W2331621040","https://openalex.org/W4214811304","https://openalex.org/W4380433220","https://openalex.org/W2014954130","https://openalex.org/W3159579435","https://openalex.org/W2006908110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"November":[1],"16,":[2],"2018,":[3],"the":[4,16,51,55,65,82,90,95,100,105,111,122,134,142,158,164],"26th":[5],"General":[6],"Conference":[7],"on":[8,25,32,41,110,163],"Weights":[9],"and":[10,36,69,147],"Measures":[11],"voted":[12],"unanimously":[13],"to":[14,29,155],"revise":[15],"International":[17],"System":[18],"of":[19,53,64,78,102,113,145,166],"Units":[20],"from":[21],"a":[22,61,70,114,137,149,167],"system":[23],"built":[24,31],"seven":[26,33],"base":[27],"units":[28],"one":[30,76],"defining":[34],"constants":[35],"will":[37,57],"officially":[38],"become":[39],"effective":[40],"May":[42],"20,":[43],"2019,":[44],"or":[45],"World":[46],"Metrology":[47],"Day.":[48],"More":[49],"specifically,":[50],"unit":[52,101],"mass,":[54],"kilogram,":[56],"be":[58,127],"realized":[59,129],"via":[60],"fixed":[62],"value":[63],"Planck":[66,123],"constant":[67],"h":[68],"Kibble":[71,151],"balance":[72,152],"(KB)":[73],"serves":[74],"as":[75],"method":[77],"achieving":[79],"this.":[80],"Over":[81],"past":[83],"few":[84,115,168],"decades,":[85],"national":[86],"metrology":[87],"institutes":[88],"around":[89],"world":[91],"have":[92],"developed":[93],"KBs,":[94],"majority":[96],"aimed":[97],"at":[98,104,130,157],"realizing":[99],"mass":[103,125],"1-kg":[106],"level":[107],"with":[108,161],"uncertainties":[109,162],"order":[112,165],"parts":[116,169],"in":[117,170],"108.":[118],"However,":[119],"upon":[120],"fixing":[121],"constant,":[124],"can":[126],"directly":[128],"any":[131],"level,":[132],"deeming":[133],"kilogram":[135],"only":[136],"historically":[138],"unique":[139],"benchmark.":[140],"At":[141],"National":[143],"Institute":[144],"Standards":[146],"Technology,":[148],"tabletop-sized":[150],"(KIBB-g1)":[153],"designed":[154],"operate":[156],"gram-level":[159],"range":[160],"106is":[171],"currently":[172],"under":[173],"development.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}