{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889162034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2863445","title":"Self-Calibrated Multiharmonic CO<sub>2</sub> Sensor Using VCSEL for Urban <i>In Situ</i> Measurement","display_name":"Self-Calibrated Multiharmonic CO<sub>2</sub> Sensor Using VCSEL for Urban <i>In Situ</i> Measurement","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889162034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2863445","mag":"2889162034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2863445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2863445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1473730","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029904664","display_name":"Lijuan Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-5361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-5361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086814847","display_name":"Jia Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040128930","display_name":"\u52c7\u6ce2 \u5449","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767671","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization","ror":"https://ror.org/01mx22g67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingchun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767671","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054376601","display_name":"Yin Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068799172","display_name":"Xiao Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-0451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102836843","display_name":"Yanfang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-6896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150613","display_name":"Laser Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4zvk50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748","https://openalex.org/I4210150613"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies, Laser Research Institute of Shandong Sciences Academy, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies, Laser Research Institute of Shandong Sciences Academy, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748","https://openalex.org/I4210150613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88546825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"4","first_page":"1140","last_page":"1147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allan-variance","display_name":"Allan variance","score":0.5663762092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44835221767425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.4432537257671356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.36575907468795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34402257204055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2876355051994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25795432925224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.21743664145469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.1978304088115692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15230798721313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11001661419868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08998480439186096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5722023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440227","display_name":"Allan variance","level":3,"score":0.5663762092590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44835221767425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4432537257671356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.36575907468795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34402257204055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2876355051994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25795432925224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.21743664145469666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1978304088115692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15230798721313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11001661419868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08998480439186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2863445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2863445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1473730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1473730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1473730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/node?id=1473730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1833366854","display_name":"TUM-IAS Fellowships for the cooperative development of high risk new fields in technology and science","funder_award_id":"291763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5861275581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201608080018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8345540293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"291763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","funder_display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322392","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W587718711","https://openalex.org/W1667277804","https://openalex.org/W1765696263","https://openalex.org/W1972513781","https://openalex.org/W1976824239","https://openalex.org/W1980990172","https://openalex.org/W1988365694","https://openalex.org/W2001653783","https://openalex.org/W2009307261","https://openalex.org/W2012301269","https://openalex.org/W2019930222","https://openalex.org/W2025703850","https://openalex.org/W2028438502","https://openalex.org/W2034862970","https://openalex.org/W2046794569","https://openalex.org/W2055385984","https://openalex.org/W2057033213","https://openalex.org/W2067451257","https://openalex.org/W2081411661","https://openalex.org/W2099600146","https://openalex.org/W2106300216","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2113007228","https://openalex.org/W2113269889","https://openalex.org/W2133151341","https://openalex.org/W2159012223","https://openalex.org/W2260083469","https://openalex.org/W2285532094","https://openalex.org/W2346703824","https://openalex.org/W2548350986","https://openalex.org/W2599277744","https://openalex.org/W2623409442","https://openalex.org/W2748203805","https://openalex.org/W2921000733","https://openalex.org/W4205182410","https://openalex.org/W4301134853"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2755914447","https://openalex.org/W2010494064","https://openalex.org/W2961042468","https://openalex.org/W4366978720","https://openalex.org/W2383411365","https://openalex.org/W2167190283","https://openalex.org/W2347970421","https://openalex.org/W2203029699","https://openalex.org/W2993948563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Greenhouse":[0],"gases":[1],"have":[2],"a":[3,170],"significant":[4],"impact":[5],"on":[6,17],"general":[7],"global":[8],"climate":[9],"change.":[10],"A":[11],"self-calibrated":[12,165],"multiharmonic":[13,66,166],"measurement":[14,167],"system":[15,52,73,113,168],"based":[16],"tunable":[18],"diode":[19],"laser":[20],"absorption":[21],"spectroscopy":[22],"(TDLAS)":[23],"with":[24,92,117,151],"wavelength":[25],"modulation":[26],"spectroscopy,":[27],"using":[28,55],"the":[29,39,44,50,56,65,69,72,75,82,93,104,107,111,118,132,144,147,164,176,182],"vertical-cavity":[30],"surface-emitting":[31],"laser,":[32],"is":[33,53,62],"developed":[34,51],"and":[35,60,74,103,114,127,154,162,178],"applied":[36],"to":[37,80,158,173],"measure":[38],"CO2and":[40],"H2O":[41],"concentrations":[42],"in":[43,125,131,146],"urban":[45,183],"areas.":[46,184],"The":[47,137],"precision":[48,70,161],"of":[49,71,110,129,135,143,180],"evaluated":[54],"Allan":[57,84],"variance":[58],"method,":[59],"it":[61],"found":[63],"that":[64,140],"can":[67],"enhance":[68],"first-to-third":[76],"harmonics":[77],"are":[78,101],"sufficient":[79],"achieve":[81],"lowest":[83],"deviation.":[85],"To":[86],"validate":[87],"its":[88,115,159],"accuracy,":[89,163],"comparison":[90],"experiments":[91],"commercial":[94],"nondispersive":[95],"infrared":[96],"(NDIR)":[97],"instrument":[98],"(Li-Cor":[99],"840A)":[100],"performed":[102],"results":[105,138],"demonstrate":[106],"high":[108,160],"accuracy":[109],"TDLAS":[112],"consistency":[116],"NDIR":[119],"instrument.":[120],"Measurements":[121],"were":[122],"carried":[123],"out":[124],"autumn":[126],"winter":[128],"2017":[130],"city":[133],"center":[134],"Munich.":[136],"indicate":[139],"thein":[141],"situmeasurement":[142],"CO2concentration":[145],"downtown":[148],"area":[149],"correlates":[150],"both":[152],"natural":[153],"anthropogenic":[155],"activities.":[156],"Due":[157],"has":[169],"great":[171],"potential":[172],"further":[174],"study":[175],"emission":[177],"distribution":[179],"CO2in":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2018-09-07T00:00:00"}
