{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2809368255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2843599","title":"Field Study of LWC and MVD Using the Droplet Imaging Instrument","display_name":"Field Study of LWC and MVD Using the Droplet Imaging Instrument","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2809368255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2843599","mag":"2809368255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2843599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2843599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047940913","display_name":"Staffan Rydblom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5324-002X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Staffan Rydblom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Design, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Design, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055697043","display_name":"Benny Th\u00f6rnberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5521-7491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56475706","display_name":"Mid Sweden University","ror":"https://ror.org/019k1pd13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benny Thornberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Design, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Design, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026709956","display_name":"Esbj\u00f6rn Olsson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293302089","display_name":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgzve81","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293302089"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esbjorn Olsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sundsvall, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sundsvall, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293302089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047940913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56475706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.2226,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98688385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"2","first_page":"614","last_page":"622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12696","display_name":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12696","display_name":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icing","display_name":"Icing","score":0.8791289925575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-water-content","display_name":"Liquid water content","score":0.6777310967445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5796093344688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5686719417572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","score":0.5403748750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.5250142216682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icing-conditions","display_name":"Icing conditions","score":0.49237382411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measuring-instrument","display_name":"Measuring instrument","score":0.4675976634025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.46547314524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40190282464027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3824094533920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.2780359983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.15315768122673035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12979936599731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.11955851316452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10558062791824341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781439067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5986479","display_name":"Icing","level":2,"score":0.8791289925575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85502700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2995540","display_name":"Liquid water content","level":3,"score":0.6777310967445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5796093344688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5686719417572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5403748750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5250142216682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778241976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12060664","display_name":"Icing conditions","level":3,"score":0.49237382411956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62646347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041172","display_name":"Measuring instrument","level":2,"score":0.4675976634025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.46547314524650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40190282464027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3824094533920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2780359983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15315768122673035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12979936599731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.11955851316452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10558062791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2843599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2843599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7429989628","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"37268-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322711","funder_display_name":"Energimyndigheten"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322711","display_name":"Energimyndigheten","ror":"https://ror.org/0359z7n90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W356660924","https://openalex.org/W624589313","https://openalex.org/W1605062576","https://openalex.org/W1672766972","https://openalex.org/W1843161192","https://openalex.org/W1966279117","https://openalex.org/W1973600124","https://openalex.org/W1974362695","https://openalex.org/W1976877924","https://openalex.org/W1986736905","https://openalex.org/W1991101760","https://openalex.org/W1993617157","https://openalex.org/W2000365681","https://openalex.org/W2003370853","https://openalex.org/W2009028828","https://openalex.org/W2011232430","https://openalex.org/W2014923363","https://openalex.org/W2020729558","https://openalex.org/W2035132782","https://openalex.org/W2037444990","https://openalex.org/W2045276693","https://openalex.org/W2061451507","https://openalex.org/W2061473922","https://openalex.org/W2071817893","https://openalex.org/W2088026794","https://openalex.org/W2112863322","https://openalex.org/W2112985153","https://openalex.org/W2127660958","https://openalex.org/W2130455604","https://openalex.org/W2144109463","https://openalex.org/W2160004234","https://openalex.org/W2165849822","https://openalex.org/W2172394207","https://openalex.org/W2172421843","https://openalex.org/W2172467887","https://openalex.org/W2174894832","https://openalex.org/W2175032488","https://openalex.org/W2179337875","https://openalex.org/W2292319136","https://openalex.org/W2293938283","https://openalex.org/W2533221249","https://openalex.org/W2553603174","https://openalex.org/W2586790789","https://openalex.org/W2990900957","https://openalex.org/W3198390318","https://openalex.org/W4252813286","https://openalex.org/W4300407496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W641810275","https://openalex.org/W4386484648","https://openalex.org/W2099884556","https://openalex.org/W356660924","https://openalex.org/W1510070024","https://openalex.org/W3095938007","https://openalex.org/W2233223210","https://openalex.org/W1841899344","https://openalex.org/W4312184963","https://openalex.org/W2942450436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,105,132,148],"droplet":[1,23,67,97],"imaging":[2],"instrument":[3,8],"(DII)":[4],"is":[5,53,107,122,138,155,159,185],"a":[6,54,63,75,92,110,117,127,160],"new":[7],"for":[9,35,187],"cost-effective":[10,58],"in":[11,114,177],"situ":[12],"measurements":[13],"of":[14,19,29,38,50,66,77,135,143,190],"the":[15,27,36,48,78,84,89,120,136,152,164,188],"size":[16,24,133,146],"and":[17,26,83,91],"concentration":[18,28],"water":[20,32,81],"droplets.":[21],"distribution":[25],"atmospheric":[30,79],"liquid":[31,80],"are":[33,179],"important":[34,186],"prediction":[37,130,189],"icing":[39],"on":[40],"structures,":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"wind":[44],"turbines.":[45],"To":[46],"improve":[47],"predictions":[49,125],"icing,":[51],"there":[52,158],"need":[55],"to":[56],"explore":[57],"working":[59],"solutions.":[60],"Through":[61],"imaging,":[62],"wide":[64],"range":[65],"sizes":[68],"can":[69],"be":[70],"measured.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73],"describes":[74],"study":[76,149],"content":[82],"median":[85],"volume":[86],"diameter":[87,178],"using":[88,126,140],"DII":[90,137,153],"commercial":[93],"reference":[94],"instrument-the":[95],"cloud":[96],"probe":[98],"2":[99],"from":[100],"Droplet":[101],"Measurement":[102],"Technologies":[103],"Inc.":[104],"measurement":[106,112,134,154],"done":[108],"at":[109],"weather":[111,129],"station":[113],"mid-Sweden.":[115],"For":[116],"second":[118],"validation,":[119],"result":[121],"compared":[123,166],"with":[124],"numerical":[128],"model.":[131],"verified":[139],"polymer":[141],"microspheres":[142],"four":[144],"known":[145],"distributions.":[147],"shows":[150,170],"that":[151,171],"precise,":[156],"but":[157],"systematic":[161],"difference":[162],"between":[163],"two":[165],"instruments.":[167],"It":[168],"also":[169],"droplets":[172],"larger":[173],"than":[174],"50":[175],"\u03bcm":[176],"occasionally":[180],"measured,":[181],"which":[182],"we":[183],"believe":[184],"icing.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}