{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804820284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2828718","title":"An FPGA-Based Implementation of a Multifunction Environment Sensing Device for Shared Access With Rotating Radars","display_name":"An FPGA-Based Implementation of a Multifunction Environment Sensing Device for Shared Access With Rotating Radars","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804820284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2828718","mag":"2804820284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2828718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2828718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034665130","display_name":"Zaheer Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-5684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaheer Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-5684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055603484","display_name":"Janne Lehtom\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-1843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janne J. Lehtomaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5081-1843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089270885","display_name":"Ekram Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-6887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekram Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-6887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035872239","display_name":"Matti Latva\u2010aho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Latva-Aho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081759293","display_name":"Alan Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-5242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-5242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.5392,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98555075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"11","first_page":"2561","last_page":"2578"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7618857026100159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6247859597206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6074087023735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.46878206729888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.46559441089630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4586924910545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45069628953933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4417096972465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39988213777542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36749857664108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26366400718688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1470487117767334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7618857026100159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6247859597206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6074087023735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.46878206729888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46559441089630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4586924910545349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45069628953933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4417096972465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39988213777542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36749857664108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26366400718688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1470487117767334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2018.2828718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2828718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2018101037976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2018101037976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591169274","https://openalex.org/W1489823761","https://openalex.org/W1496196888","https://openalex.org/W1509336197","https://openalex.org/W1590772317","https://openalex.org/W1601542853","https://openalex.org/W1913771409","https://openalex.org/W1940956353","https://openalex.org/W2005740596","https://openalex.org/W2047684576","https://openalex.org/W2100031492","https://openalex.org/W2204766007","https://openalex.org/W2272612507","https://openalex.org/W2327193670","https://openalex.org/W2364610145","https://openalex.org/W2419098719","https://openalex.org/W2468179120","https://openalex.org/W2564999662","https://openalex.org/W2566778546","https://openalex.org/W2586189376","https://openalex.org/W2590206756","https://openalex.org/W2604952726","https://openalex.org/W2613753417","https://openalex.org/W2760854923","https://openalex.org/W3099434828","https://openalex.org/W3133603318","https://openalex.org/W4229774059","https://openalex.org/W6629699126","https://openalex.org/W6651613316","https://openalex.org/W6737561719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093215079","https://openalex.org/W2373066471","https://openalex.org/W2141458065","https://openalex.org/W2376219639","https://openalex.org/W1508811950","https://openalex.org/W3094426418","https://openalex.org/W2987062793","https://openalex.org/W2366583186","https://openalex.org/W2349458260","https://openalex.org/W2024198963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"protect":[1],"radar":[2,10,52,84,114,127,230],"receivers":[3],"and":[4,28,45,54,74,86,111,115,129,215,227,231],"to":[5,34,55,145,223],"facilitate":[6],"shared":[7],"access":[8],"in":[9,36,94,106,138],"bands,":[11],"regulatory":[12],"bodies":[13],"have":[14],"recommended":[15],"the":[16,39,49,103,188,209,212,239],"use":[17],"of":[18,42,51,76,152,161,180,187,211,241],"spectrum":[19],"monitoring":[20],"devices":[21,31],"called":[22],"environmental":[23],"sensing":[24],"capability":[25],"(ESC).":[26],"High-speed":[27],"low-cost":[29],"ESC":[30,79,100,190],"are":[32],"required":[33],"process":[35],"real":[37],"time":[38,96],"large":[40],"amount":[41],"data":[43],"(in-phase":[44],"quadrature":[46],"samples)":[47],"for":[48,126,157,177],"detection":[50],"signals":[53,93,162],"differentiate":[56,89],"them":[57,90],"from":[58,91,124],"secondary":[59],"users":[60],"(SUs)":[61],"signals.":[62,233],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66],"present":[67,167],"a":[68,77,139,168,185,194,204],"field-programmable":[69],"gate":[70],"array":[71],"(FPGA)-based":[72],"design":[73,192],"implementation":[75],"multifunction":[78],"device":[80,101,191,214],"that":[81,217],"can":[82,87,142],"detect":[83],"pulses":[85],"also":[88,132,236],"SU":[92,116,232],"microsecond":[95],"scales.":[97],"The":[98],"proposed":[99,189],"performs":[102],"following":[104],"tasks":[105],"parallel:":[107],"1)":[108],"it":[109,119,131,225,235],"detects":[110,226],"differentiates":[112,228],"between":[113,229],"signals;":[117],"2)":[118],"measures":[120,133,238],"received":[121],"signal":[122],"strength":[123],"SUs":[125,153],"protection;":[128],"3)":[130],"SUs'":[134],"airtime":[135],"utilization":[136],"(ATU)":[137],"channel,":[140],"which":[141,174,200],"be":[143],"used":[144],"perform":[146],"load":[147],"balancing":[148],"(based":[149],"on":[150,154,193],"ATU)":[151],"different":[155],"channels":[156],"efficient":[158],"access.":[159],"Detection":[160],"requires":[163],"threshold":[164,171],"setting.":[165],"We":[166,183,207],"novel":[169],"minimum-based":[170],"setting":[172],"technique,":[173],"is":[175,201],"suitable":[176],"real-time":[178],"operation":[179],"energy":[181],"detectors.":[182],"implement":[184],"prototype":[186],"Wireless":[195],"Open-Access":[196],"Research":[197],"Platform":[198],"node,":[199],"equipped":[202],"with":[203,218],"Xilinx":[205],"FPGA.":[206],"evaluate":[208],"performance":[210],"implemented":[213],"show":[216],"very":[219],"high":[220],"probability":[221],"(close":[222],"100%),":[224],"Moreover,":[234],"accurately":[237],"ATU":[240],"SUs.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}