{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769133647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2770778","title":"TDR-Based Measurements of Water Content in Construction Materials for In-the-Field Use and Calibration","display_name":"TDR-Based Measurements of Water Content in Construction Materials for In-the-Field Use and Calibration","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769133647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2770778","mag":"2769133647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2017.2770778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2770778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043509431","display_name":"Andrea Cataldo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9031-7690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Cataldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9031-7690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040768755","display_name":"Egidio De Benedetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-2131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egidio De Benedetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102982833","display_name":"Giuseppe Cannazza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-4376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142910587","display_name":"University of Salento","ror":"https://ror.org/03fc1k060","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Cannazza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142910587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028793067","display_name":"Emanuele Piuzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3822-139X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Piuzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3822-139X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026186338","display_name":"Erika Pittella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2235-5393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Pittella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2235-5393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0817,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85810022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"5","first_page":"1230","last_page":"1237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.8189551830291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.781556248664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.7460076212882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6606398820877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6169743537902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.5793560147285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement","display_name":"Cement","score":0.4819716811180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water\u2013cement-ratio","display_name":"Water\u2013cement ratio","score":0.44333988428115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portland-cement","display_name":"Portland cement","score":0.42783066630363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-material","display_name":"Raw material","score":0.4272039532661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.3828514516353607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3277588486671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.30548322200775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.2314874529838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.18599048256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15479937195777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09144061803817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.08782941102981567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.8189551830291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.781556248664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.7460076212882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6606398820877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6169743537902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.5793560147285461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.4819716811180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779054714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413436","display_name":"Water\u2013cement ratio","level":3,"score":0.44333988428115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.42783066630363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.4272039532661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3828514516353607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3277588486671448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30548322200775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.2314874529838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18599048256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15479937195777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09144061803817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.08782941102981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2017.2770778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2770778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1098594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1098594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290423807","https://openalex.org/W912772741","https://openalex.org/W1129964275","https://openalex.org/W1996250620","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W2009938915","https://openalex.org/W2015061137","https://openalex.org/W2021460492","https://openalex.org/W2027805479","https://openalex.org/W2031772235","https://openalex.org/W2036074663","https://openalex.org/W2046283325","https://openalex.org/W2069294570","https://openalex.org/W2077254038","https://openalex.org/W2078049308","https://openalex.org/W2082220895","https://openalex.org/W2108144212","https://openalex.org/W2127821663","https://openalex.org/W2128728699","https://openalex.org/W2145233084","https://openalex.org/W2146499410","https://openalex.org/W2233633602","https://openalex.org/W2269335337","https://openalex.org/W2313401351","https://openalex.org/W2325226705","https://openalex.org/W2511532243","https://openalex.org/W2514408751","https://openalex.org/W2532747546","https://openalex.org/W2554572941","https://openalex.org/W2604204742","https://openalex.org/W2733521908","https://openalex.org/W2734359103","https://openalex.org/W4206772564","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6624587774","https://openalex.org/W6627389832","https://openalex.org/W6689894904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118170338","https://openalex.org/W2052265658","https://openalex.org/W2390518281","https://openalex.org/W2348661890","https://openalex.org/W1981883733","https://openalex.org/W2078057887","https://openalex.org/W2366933611","https://openalex.org/W2099532689","https://openalex.org/W2241271717","https://openalex.org/W2090194357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,55],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,169,187],"time":[4],"domain":[5],"reflectometry":[6],"(TDR)-based":[7],"system":[8,21,60,141],"for":[9,64,142],"measuring":[10],"water":[11,30,52,68,84,100,146,173],"content":[12,53,69,85,147,174],"of":[13,29,35,39,70,86,99,128,137,166],"raw":[14,88],"construction":[15,71,154],"materials":[16,72],"is":[17,47],"presented.":[18],"The":[19],"proposed":[20,59,140],"relies":[22],"on":[23,152],"the":[24,27,36,51,58,66,78,82,87,96,106,112,125,129,135,139,143,176,193],"fact":[25],"that":[26,101],"presence":[28],"leads":[31],"to":[32,49,94,105,110,121,175],"an":[33],"increase":[34],"dielectric":[37,178],"permittivity":[38,44,179],"materials;":[40],"therefore,":[41],"from":[42],"TDR-based":[43],"measurements,":[45,185],"it":[46],"possible":[48],"infer":[50],"value.":[54],"practical":[56],"applications,":[57],"could":[61],"be":[62,103],"used":[63],"assessing":[65,134],"intrinsic":[67,83],"before":[73],"they":[74],"are":[75],"poured":[76],"into":[77],"concrete":[79,131],"mixture.":[80],"Knowing":[81],"materials,":[89,155,168],"in":[90,108,117],"fact,":[91],"would":[92,119],"allow":[93],"evaluate":[95],"optimal":[97],"amount":[98],"should":[102],"added":[104],"mixture":[107],"order":[109],"achieve":[111],"desired":[113],"water-to-cement":[114],"ratio.":[115],"This,":[116],"turn,":[118],"permit":[120],"fine-tune":[122],"and":[123,160],"control":[124],"mechanical":[126],"properties":[127],"final":[130],"structures.":[132],"For":[133,164],"feasibility":[136],"using":[138],"intended":[144],"purpose,":[145],"measurements":[148],"were":[149],"carried":[150],"out":[151],"three":[153],"namely,":[156],"sand,":[157],"gray":[158],"cement,":[159],"white":[161],"portland":[162],"cement.":[163],"each":[165],"these":[167],"calibration":[170,194],"curve":[171],"relating":[172],"apparent":[177],"was":[180,190],"derived;":[181],"additionally,":[182],"through":[183],"repeated":[184],"also":[186],"confidence":[188],"interval":[189],"associated":[191],"with":[192],"curves.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}