{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770343006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2769239","title":"An 8.5-ps Two-Stage Vernier Delay-Line Loop Shrinking Time-to-Digital Converter in 130-nm Flash FPGA","display_name":"An 8.5-ps Two-Stage Vernier Delay-Line Loop Shrinking Time-to-Digital Converter in 130-nm Flash FPGA","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770343006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2769239","mag":"2770343006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2017.2769239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2769239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436696","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0959-4138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000630624","display_name":"Dongming Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China","State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, CAS, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100436696"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7201,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85871513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"2","first_page":"406","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernier-scale","display_name":"Vernier scale","score":0.9516832828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.8921060562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.7212526202201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.4991762638092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.496415913105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.48755162954330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-calculation","display_name":"Delay calculation","score":0.45243576169013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4472358524799347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3298460841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.321571946144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.30705416202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-delay","display_name":"Propagation delay","score":0.26466503739356995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2280149757862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21815946698188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.12246966361999512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.9516832828521729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.8921060562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.7212526202201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.4991762638092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.496415913105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48755162954330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174086752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5253471","display_name":"Delay calculation","level":3,"score":0.45243576169013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4472358524799347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3298460841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.321571946144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.30705416202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90806461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144416","display_name":"Propagation delay","level":2,"score":0.26466503739356995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2280149757862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21815946698188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.12246966361999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2017.2769239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2769239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7131444780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41527802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125607050","https://openalex.org/W1788115699","https://openalex.org/W1919949397","https://openalex.org/W1970217326","https://openalex.org/W1970702866","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W1991042836","https://openalex.org/W1992215034","https://openalex.org/W2009294559","https://openalex.org/W2023741243","https://openalex.org/W2042668885","https://openalex.org/W2059944403","https://openalex.org/W2068767166","https://openalex.org/W2110131736","https://openalex.org/W2117781464","https://openalex.org/W2119123494","https://openalex.org/W2121642660","https://openalex.org/W2126008551","https://openalex.org/W2136246827","https://openalex.org/W2138404659","https://openalex.org/W2140489157","https://openalex.org/W2147196983","https://openalex.org/W2156435621","https://openalex.org/W2157123018","https://openalex.org/W2160450711","https://openalex.org/W2187461584","https://openalex.org/W2219472191","https://openalex.org/W2290610940","https://openalex.org/W2508860884","https://openalex.org/W3103064040","https://openalex.org/W6605126846","https://openalex.org/W6653011603","https://openalex.org/W6683069329","https://openalex.org/W6686582691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158414702","https://openalex.org/W4389545333","https://openalex.org/W2296652335","https://openalex.org/W2182982459","https://openalex.org/W2107482880","https://openalex.org/W2112856903","https://openalex.org/W2119823365","https://openalex.org/W2541226935","https://openalex.org/W2120912680","https://openalex.org/W2995571213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"time-to-digital":[2],"converter":[3,19],"(TDC)":[4],"with":[5,27,104,162],"high":[6,9],"resolution":[7,149,161],"and":[8,13,39,66,81,107,139,166,173,181],"precision":[10],"is":[11,20,93,144],"designed":[12],"tested":[14],"in":[15,45],"this":[16],"paper.":[17],"The":[18,95,116,133,154,170],"realized":[21],"by":[22],"combining":[23],"coarse":[24],"clock":[25],"counter":[26],"a":[28,46,89],"two-stage":[29,90,156],"delay-line":[30,128],"loop":[31],"shrinking":[32],"interpolator":[33,97,110],"(DLLSI)":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,120],"Vernier":[37,63],"configuration,":[38],"its":[40],"prototype":[41],"has":[42,158],"been":[43],"implemented":[44,152,155],"low-cost":[47],"flash":[48],"field-programmable":[49],"gate":[50],"array":[51],"device":[52],"SmartFusion":[53],"A2F200M3F":[54],"(Actel).":[55],"Delay-line":[56],"loops":[57,129],"are":[58,118,136,177],"used":[59,145],"to":[60,74,146],"achieve":[61],"differential":[62,174],"delay":[64,123],"unit":[65],"directly":[67],"shrink":[68],"the":[69,76,83,86,100,108,112,121,148,151],"time":[70,102,124],"interval.":[71],"In":[72],"order":[73],"improve":[75],"resolution,":[77,106],"decrease":[78],"measurement":[79],"time,":[80],"diminish":[82],"jitter":[84],"of":[85,130,150],"cyclic":[87],"pulse,":[88],"DLLSI":[91,157],"method":[92],"proposed.":[94],"first-stage":[96],"rapidly":[98],"shrinks":[99],"measured":[101],"interval":[103],"low":[105],"second-stage":[109],"determines":[111],"final":[113],"fine":[114],"resolution.":[115],"resolutions":[117,135],"dependent":[119],"entire":[122],"differences":[125],"between":[126],"two":[127],"each":[131],"interpolator.":[132],"optimal":[134],"theoretically":[137],"calculated,":[138],"statistic":[140],"code":[141],"density":[142],"test":[143],"estimate":[147],"TDC.":[153],"achieved":[159],"8.5-ps":[160],"42.4-ps":[163],"standard":[164],"deviation":[165],"10-ns":[167],"dynamic":[168],"range.":[169],"maximum":[171],"integral":[172],"nonlinearity":[175],"errors":[176],"less":[178],"than":[179],"7.8":[180],"3.1":[182],"ps.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
