{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2582781338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2640458","title":"A Driver State Detection System\u2014Combining a Capacitive Hand Detection Sensor With Physiological Sensors","display_name":"A Driver State Detection System\u2014Combining a Capacitive Hand Detection Sensor With Physiological Sensors","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2582781338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2640458","mag":"2582781338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2016.2640458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2640458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028445034","display_name":"Stephan M\u00fchlbacher-Karrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-8456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Muhlbacher-Karrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055646747","display_name":"Ahmad Haj Mosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2806-7392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Haj Mosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Smart System Technologies, Transportation Informatics, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Smart System Technologies, Transportation Informatics, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001872371","display_name":"Lisa-Marie Faller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-1440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa-Marie Faller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083416845","display_name":"Mouhannad Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-5900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mouhannad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Smart System Technologies, Transportation Informatics, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Smart System Technologies, Transportation Informatics, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078694757","display_name":"Raiyan Hamid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raiyan Hamid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030185498","display_name":"Hubert Zangl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-9566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hubert Zangl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sensors and Actuators, Institute of Smart System Technologies, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061137052","display_name":"Kyandoghere Kyamakya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-9476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyandoghere Kyamakya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Smart System Technologies, Transportation Informatics, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Smart System Technologies, Transportation Informatics, Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94183445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"4","first_page":"624","last_page":"636"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.861383318901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.5800800323486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5538597106933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.489346444606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximity-sensor","display_name":"Proximity sensor","score":0.48858413100242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45971301198005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.45732274651527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.45679381489753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3937312364578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37646886706352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36371463537216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33073967695236206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.861383318901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.5800800323486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5538597106933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.489346444606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135403697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796765","display_name":"Proximity sensor","level":2,"score":0.48858413100242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45971301198005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.45732274651527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.45679381489753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3937312364578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37646886706352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36371463537216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33073967695236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2016.2640458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2640458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178797759","https://openalex.org/W884323974","https://openalex.org/W1480487340","https://openalex.org/W1575024547","https://openalex.org/W1762240088","https://openalex.org/W1972200139","https://openalex.org/W1980553000","https://openalex.org/W2014661468","https://openalex.org/W2016480392","https://openalex.org/W2019322834","https://openalex.org/W2030808768","https://openalex.org/W2030888282","https://openalex.org/W2048691054","https://openalex.org/W2052380666","https://openalex.org/W2052604480","https://openalex.org/W2055637683","https://openalex.org/W2056717940","https://openalex.org/W2059362318","https://openalex.org/W2063572467","https://openalex.org/W2065454702","https://openalex.org/W2066074450","https://openalex.org/W2070564056","https://openalex.org/W2077281874","https://openalex.org/W2080953913","https://openalex.org/W2081895431","https://openalex.org/W2082119775","https://openalex.org/W2099284540","https://openalex.org/W2100536644","https://openalex.org/W2107025852","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2120283686","https://openalex.org/W2123905752","https://openalex.org/W2128003140","https://openalex.org/W2130416988","https://openalex.org/W2131797280","https://openalex.org/W2133658999","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2134192899","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2135617432","https://openalex.org/W2143165843","https://openalex.org/W2144408839","https://openalex.org/W2147705356","https://openalex.org/W2149497729","https://openalex.org/W2150917813","https://openalex.org/W2152210603","https://openalex.org/W2156736318","https://openalex.org/W2160851474","https://openalex.org/W2164368909","https://openalex.org/W2169211862","https://openalex.org/W2170883741","https://openalex.org/W2171429758","https://openalex.org/W2171801645","https://openalex.org/W2177933918","https://openalex.org/W2231815430","https://openalex.org/W2234139792","https://openalex.org/W2278175282","https://openalex.org/W2418957856","https://openalex.org/W2542223501","https://openalex.org/W2941943687","https://openalex.org/W2980279566","https://openalex.org/W2985469730","https://openalex.org/W3148625633","https://openalex.org/W6682073222","https://openalex.org/W6689186570","https://openalex.org/W6695234512","https://openalex.org/W6762007809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203668668","https://openalex.org/W1980837957","https://openalex.org/W3005445376","https://openalex.org/W2042706687","https://openalex.org/W2036201745","https://openalex.org/W2083636684","https://openalex.org/W2787655959","https://openalex.org/W4361268878","https://openalex.org/W2913520591","https://openalex.org/W3154888552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"respect":[1],"to":[2,38,48,74,90,127],"automotive":[3],"safety,":[4],"the":[5,17,40,76,98,101,116,139,145,188,193,208,217],"driver":[6,18,28,119,167],"plays":[7],"a":[8,27,50,60,83,92,159,171,203],"crucial":[9],"role.":[10],"Stress":[11],"level,":[12],"tiredness,":[13],"and":[14,56,141],"distraction":[15],"of":[16,21,100,115,176,186],"are":[19],"therefore":[20],"high":[22],"interest.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25,180],"paper,":[26],"state":[29],"detection":[30,54,174,191,212,218],"system":[31],"based":[32],"on":[33],"cellular":[34],"neural":[35],"networks":[36],"(CNNs)":[37],"monitor":[39],"driver's":[41],"stress":[42],"level":[43],"is":[44,88,106,125,134,148],"presented.":[45],"We":[46],"propose":[47],"include":[49],"capacitive-based":[51],"wireless":[52],"hand":[53,190,211],"(position":[55],"touch)":[57],"sensor":[58,66,71,163],"for":[59,97],"steering":[61],"wheel":[62],"utilizing":[63],"ink-jet":[64],"printed":[65],"mats":[67],"as":[68,207],"an":[69],"input":[70],"in":[72,108,184],"order":[73],"improve":[75,216],"performance.":[77,219],"A":[78,121],"driving":[79,107],"simulator":[80],"platform":[81],"providing":[82],"realistic":[84],"virtual":[85],"traffic":[86],"environment":[87],"utilized":[89],"conduct":[91],"study":[93],"with":[94],"22":[95],"participants":[96],"evaluation":[99],"proposed":[102,209],"system.":[103],"Each":[104],"participant":[105],"two":[109,117],"different":[110,166],"scenarios,":[111],"each":[112],"representing":[113],"one":[114],"no-stress/stress":[118],"states.":[120],"\u201cthreefold\u201d":[122],"cross":[123],"validation":[124],"applied":[126],"evaluate":[128],"our":[129],"concept.":[130],"The":[131,156],"subject":[132],"dependence":[133],"considered":[135],"carefully":[136],"by":[137,196],"separating":[138],"training":[140],"testing":[142],"data.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"CNN":[146],"approach":[147],"benchmarked":[149],"against":[150],"other":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"machine":[153],"learning":[154],"techniques.":[155],"results":[157],"show":[158],"significant":[160],"improvement":[161],"combining":[162],"inputs":[164],"from":[165],"inherent":[168],"domains,":[169],"giving":[170],"total":[172],"related":[173],"accuracy":[175,194],"92%.":[177],"Besides":[178],"that,":[179],"paper":[181],"shows":[182],"that":[183,201],"case":[185],"including":[187],"capacitive":[189,210],"sensor,":[192,205,213],"increases":[195],"10%.":[197],"These":[198],"findings":[199],"indicate":[200],"adding":[202],"subject-independent":[204],"such":[206],"can":[214],"significantly":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}