{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2525247362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2611298","title":"Ultrastable Low-Noise Current Amplifiers With Extended Range and Improved Accuracy","display_name":"Ultrastable Low-Noise Current Amplifiers With Extended Range and Improved Accuracy","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2525247362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2611298","mag":"2525247362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2016.2611298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2611298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088521040","display_name":"D. Drung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-4940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietmar Drung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-4940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101744848","display_name":"Christian Krause","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6626-4680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285933455","display_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","ror":"https://ror.org/05r3f7h03","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455","https://openalex.org/I4210136623"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Krause","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285933455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5458,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89386712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"6","first_page":"1425","last_page":"1432"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12588","display_name":"Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12588","display_name":"Electronic and Structural Properties of Oxides","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistor","display_name":"Resistor","score":0.7417290210723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.6723520755767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6266758441925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-current","display_name":"Direct current","score":0.6124559044837952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.6079680323600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","score":0.5431275963783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5078514218330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4795641303062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.47299179434776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"Noise measurement","score":0.4483357071876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.339092880487442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3252084255218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3074110150337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25468868017196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.25139671564102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2041112780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.09912332892417908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137488568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321","display_name":"Resistor","level":3,"score":0.7417290210723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.6723520755767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6266758441925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776620479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159241","display_name":"Direct current","level":3,"score":0.6124559044837952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.6079680323600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.5431275963783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5078514218330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4795641303062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.47299179434776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.4483357071876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.339092880487442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3252084255218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3074110150337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25468868017196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.25139671564102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2041112780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.09912332892417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2016.2611298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2016.2611298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562847552","https://openalex.org/W1646685143","https://openalex.org/W1681823979","https://openalex.org/W1870912220","https://openalex.org/W1967042209","https://openalex.org/W1998246386","https://openalex.org/W2018801191","https://openalex.org/W2027722045","https://openalex.org/W2073029777","https://openalex.org/W2105522406","https://openalex.org/W2119332195","https://openalex.org/W2151709370","https://openalex.org/W2159168525","https://openalex.org/W2159196747","https://openalex.org/W2264872332","https://openalex.org/W2517198459","https://openalex.org/W2588707328","https://openalex.org/W2963978185","https://openalex.org/W3100399333","https://openalex.org/W3101965661","https://openalex.org/W3104664094","https://openalex.org/W3105550723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3200817179","https://openalex.org/W1960166976","https://openalex.org/W2380067098","https://openalex.org/W1992708211","https://openalex.org/W1548152478","https://openalex.org/W2137172615","https://openalex.org/W2112564789","https://openalex.org/W2106247205","https://openalex.org/W2543503210","https://openalex.org/W4293868501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ultrastable":[1],"low-noise":[2],"current":[3,43,61,140,159],"amplifier":[4],"(ULCA)":[5],"was":[6,25],"developed":[7],"as":[8],"an":[9,36,136],"advanced":[10],"instrument":[11],"for":[12,27,41,102,115],"the":[13,31,59,65,96,166],"improved":[14,76,84],"measurement":[15,66],"of":[16,38,44,79,87,98],"currents":[17,29,104],"generated":[18,48],"by":[19,49],"single-electron":[20],"transport":[21],"(SET)":[22],"devices.":[23],"It":[24],"optimized":[26],"direct":[28,103,158],"in":[30,57,157],"picoampere":[32],"range,":[33],"and":[34,63,144],"achieves":[35],"uncertainty":[37,67,78],"<;0.1":[39],"\u03bcA/A":[40,82],"a":[42,69,99,145],"100":[45],"pA":[46],"typically":[47],"SET":[50],"pumps.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"summarizes":[54],"our":[55],"efforts":[56],"extending":[58],"ULCA's":[60],"range":[62],"minimizing":[64],"over":[68],"wide":[70],"range.":[71],"Two":[72],"ULCA":[73],"variants":[74],"with":[75],"shortterm":[77],"about":[80],"0.02":[81],"or":[83,118,163],"noise":[85,126],"level":[86],"1.4":[88],"fA/\u221aHz":[89],"are":[90],"presented.":[91],"Combining":[92],"these":[93],"devices":[94],"allows":[95],"construction":[97],"novel":[100],"standard":[101],"below":[105,154],"50":[106],"\u03bcA,":[107],"which":[108,151],"has":[109],"superior":[110],"performance":[111],"to":[112,129],"previous":[113],"methods":[114],"small-current":[116],"generation":[117],"measurement.":[119],"ULCAs":[120],"involving":[121],"\u221a":[122],"thick-film":[123],"resistors":[124],"achieve":[125],"levels":[127],"down":[128],"0.43":[130],"fA/\u221aHz.":[131],"A":[132],"low-bias":[133],"variant":[134],"features":[135],"effective":[137],"input":[138],"bias":[139],"within":[141,148],"\u00b1100":[142],"aA":[143,156],"temperature":[146],"coefficient":[147],"\u00b110":[149],"aA/K,":[150],"enables":[152],"uncertainties":[153],"10":[155],"measurements":[160],"without":[161],"reversing":[162],"switching":[164],"ON/OFF":[165],"signal":[167],"current.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
