{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2328413760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2508287","title":"Detecting Defects in Photovoltaic Cells and Panels and Evaluating the Impact on Output Performances","display_name":"Detecting Defects in Photovoltaic Cells and Panels and Evaluating the Impact on Output Performances","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2328413760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2508287","mag":"2328413760"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2015.2508287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2508287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009753625","display_name":"Christian Schuss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7758-3628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Schuss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058899126","display_name":"Kimmo Lepp\u00e4nen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimmo Leppanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083175940","display_name":"Kari Remes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-7939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kari Remes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020308370","display_name":"Juha Saarela","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Saarela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087171304","display_name":"Tapio Fabritius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4729-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapio Fabritius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026900447","display_name":"Bernd Eichberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5165-1458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Eichberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088828732","display_name":"Timo Rahkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1343-1120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Rahkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4206,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88852284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"5","first_page":"1108","last_page":"1119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12309","display_name":"solar cell performance optimization","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.8660248517990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.7436051368713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermography","display_name":"Thermography","score":0.6410232782363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5695956945419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.5529537200927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5188118815422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.43560653924942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3470146059989929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27625730633735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.2637186050415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19063866138458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15678289532661438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.8660248517990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.7436051368713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779222261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624587","display_name":"Thermography","level":3,"score":0.6410232782363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5695956945419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.5529537200927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5188118815422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.43560653924942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3470146059989929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27625730633735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.2637186050415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19063866138458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15678289532661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2015.2508287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2508287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595955602","https://openalex.org/W1971357786","https://openalex.org/W1995023200","https://openalex.org/W2004158359","https://openalex.org/W2005974006","https://openalex.org/W2025130988","https://openalex.org/W2033999865","https://openalex.org/W2034226332","https://openalex.org/W2040906448","https://openalex.org/W2062558731","https://openalex.org/W2065019325","https://openalex.org/W2081986461","https://openalex.org/W2086607465","https://openalex.org/W2089945505","https://openalex.org/W2091822144","https://openalex.org/W2108128704","https://openalex.org/W2120797863","https://openalex.org/W2122974316","https://openalex.org/W2126814208","https://openalex.org/W2131556150","https://openalex.org/W2131841686","https://openalex.org/W2155742200","https://openalex.org/W2161457969","https://openalex.org/W2180460518","https://openalex.org/W2184275701","https://openalex.org/W2470163211","https://openalex.org/W3160860933","https://openalex.org/W4243729171","https://openalex.org/W6686389594","https://openalex.org/W6795382015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2620662450","https://openalex.org/W174278852","https://openalex.org/W2069527050","https://openalex.org/W2368607384","https://openalex.org/W2016009248","https://openalex.org/W1553428650","https://openalex.org/W2156612433","https://openalex.org/W2008280940","https://openalex.org/W3212153468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,22,29,39,57,73,84,87],"ways":[4],"to":[5,37,83],"detect":[6],"defects":[7,85,93],"in":[8,86],"photovoltaic":[9],"(PV)":[10],"cells":[11,51],"and":[12,41,52,94],"panels.":[13],"Here,":[14],"two":[15],"different":[16,34],"methods":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19],"used.":[20],"First,":[21],"output":[23,96],"behavior":[24],"was":[25],"characterized":[26],"by":[27,56],"measuring":[28],"amount":[30],"of":[31,47,59],"current":[32],"at":[33],"voltage":[35],"levels":[36],"obtain":[38],"current-voltage":[40],"power-voltage":[42],"curves.":[43],"Second,":[44],"infrared":[45],"emissions":[46],"forward-biased":[48],"nonilluminated":[49],"PV":[50,78],"panels":[53],"were":[54],"measured":[55],"use":[58],"synchronized":[60],"thermography.":[61],"From":[62],"these":[63],"measurements,":[64],"temperature":[65,74,90],"maps":[66],"can":[67],"be":[68],"derived,":[69],"which":[70],"indicate":[71],"that":[72],"within":[75],"a":[76],"given":[77],"cell":[79],"unevenly":[80],"rises":[81],"due":[82],"cell.":[88],"Uneven":[89],"distribution":[91],"indicates":[92],"reduced":[95],"power.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
