{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052623634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2415091","title":"GNSS Carrier Phase Anomaly Detection and Validation for Precise Land Vehicle Positioning","display_name":"GNSS Carrier Phase Anomaly Detection and Validation for Precise Land Vehicle Positioning","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052623634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2415091","mag":"2052623634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2015.2415091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2415091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049061995","display_name":"Dae Hee Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-1352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae Hee Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100894237","display_name":"Jongsun Ahn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongsun Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085521599","display_name":"Eunsung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1507-098X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800747041","display_name":"Korea Aerospace Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/037pqnq23","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800747041","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I4405260336"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunsung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Satellite Navigation, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Satellite Navigation, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800747041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108673172","display_name":"Moon-Beom Heo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800747041","display_name":"Korea Aerospace Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/037pqnq23","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800747041","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I4405260336"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moonbeom Heo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Satellite Navigation, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Satellite Navigation, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800747041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049009889","display_name":"Sangkyung Sung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0867-8428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangkyung Sung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360637","display_name":"Young Jae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4177-434X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":50.69,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99474335,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"9","first_page":"2389","last_page":"2398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.7748087644577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7026422619819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6568917036056519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.567206084728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.541084885597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5021889209747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4758453369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.36891600489616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32367295026779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2201031744480133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20004212856292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16335195302963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1436539888381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0715063214302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.07059761881828308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7748087644577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7026422619819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6568917036056519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.567206084728241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.541084885597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5021889209747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4758453369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.36891600489616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32367295026779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2201031744480133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20004212856292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16335195302963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1436539888381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0715063214302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.07059761881828308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2015.2415091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2415091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138886665","https://openalex.org/W650923498","https://openalex.org/W1505394098","https://openalex.org/W1513008779","https://openalex.org/W1531218787","https://openalex.org/W1620042822","https://openalex.org/W1974895452","https://openalex.org/W2009571879","https://openalex.org/W2009954753","https://openalex.org/W2031512144","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2042072348","https://openalex.org/W2044490862","https://openalex.org/W2045330131","https://openalex.org/W2077013278","https://openalex.org/W2101062765","https://openalex.org/W2107798036","https://openalex.org/W2111705437","https://openalex.org/W2115463135","https://openalex.org/W2118195588","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2136707818","https://openalex.org/W2141964830","https://openalex.org/W2144918665","https://openalex.org/W2171596323","https://openalex.org/W2359811311","https://openalex.org/W2607009560","https://openalex.org/W2735647485","https://openalex.org/W3015034749","https://openalex.org/W6605644890","https://openalex.org/W6685376957","https://openalex.org/W6706543501","https://openalex.org/W6741308459","https://openalex.org/W6775901266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3030345572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"carrier":[1,19,74],"phase":[2,20,75],"anomaly":[3,49,86,109,128,150],"detection":[4],"and":[5,26,41,53,64,70,87,102,111,118,126,163,176],"validation":[6],"method":[7],"is":[8,22,94,129,135,158],"proposed":[9,156,168],"for":[10,147],"precise":[11,181],"vehicle":[12,182],"positioning":[13],"in":[14,173],"dynamic":[15],"environments.":[16],"Given":[17],"that":[18,138],"measurement":[21,76,104,124],"affected":[23],"by":[24,160],"satellite":[25,63,153],"user":[27,65],"dynamics":[28,46,66],"as":[29,31,144],"well":[30],"unexpected":[32],"anomalies,":[33],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"four":[36],"sequential":[37],"processes":[38],"to":[39,61,77,98,152],"detect":[40],"identify":[42],"an":[43,79,85,164],"anomaly:":[44],"1)":[45],"separation;":[47],"2)":[48],"detection;":[50],"3)":[51],"validation;":[52],"4)":[54],"position":[55,133,139],"domain":[56,134],"test.":[57,166],"First,":[58],"terms":[59],"related":[60],"the":[62,73,103,127,132,149,178],"are":[67,106,116],"estimated":[68],"individually":[69],"removed":[71],"from":[72],"yield":[78],"error":[80,92],"term,":[81],"which":[82],"possibly":[83],"includes":[84],"should":[88],"be":[89,142,171],"detected.":[90],"The":[91,155,167],"term":[93],"examined":[95],"with":[96],"respect":[97],"a":[99,122],"threshold":[100],"level,":[101],"values":[105],"divided":[107],"into":[108],"candidates":[110,115],"normal":[112,123],"candidates.":[113],"Anomaly":[114],"reexamined":[117],"validated":[119],"one-by-one":[120],"using":[121],"set":[125],"determined.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"evaluated":[136],"so":[137],"errors":[140],"can":[141,170],"used":[143],"additional":[145],"criteria":[146],"detecting":[148,174],"attributed":[151],"deployment.":[154],"algorithm":[157],"verified":[159],"simulation":[161],"analyses":[162],"experimental":[165],"methods":[169],"effective":[172],"anomalies":[175],"increasing":[177],"reliability":[179],"of":[180],"positioning.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}