{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1984358550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2331429","title":"2-D Entropy and Short-Time Fourier Transform to Leverage GPR Data Analysis Efficiency","display_name":"2-D Entropy and Short-Time Fourier Transform to Leverage GPR Data Analysis Efficiency","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1984358550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2331429","mag":"1984358550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2014.2331429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2331429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707743","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-3011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026001606","display_name":"Panglijen Candra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panglijen Candra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966263","display_name":"Guoan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-8395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","University of South Carolina, columbia, SC, USA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina, columbia, SC, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048747574","display_name":"Tian Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4395-7350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98295281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"1","first_page":"103","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7963265180587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5898815393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.5827966928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.53824782371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.49501270055770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-time-fourier-transform","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","score":0.4654906988143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.45433881878852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4310225546360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3955744206905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-analysis","display_name":"Fourier analysis","score":0.22600677609443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2227802574634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18677055835723877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7963265180587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5898815393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5827966928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.53824782371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.49501270055770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166386157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477735","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.4654906988143921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.45433881878852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4310225546360016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3955744206905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.22600677609443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2227802574634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18677055835723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2014.2331429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2331429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963858050","https://openalex.org/W1970587013","https://openalex.org/W1981861400","https://openalex.org/W1987832249","https://openalex.org/W1987991305","https://openalex.org/W1988398959","https://openalex.org/W2009945175","https://openalex.org/W2010892353","https://openalex.org/W2077406964","https://openalex.org/W2078241254","https://openalex.org/W2100620757","https://openalex.org/W2102987860","https://openalex.org/W2106352760","https://openalex.org/W2107155881","https://openalex.org/W2122986205","https://openalex.org/W2124243855","https://openalex.org/W2126481876","https://openalex.org/W2127837631","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2139756630","https://openalex.org/W2167595074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2326454079","https://openalex.org/W564939545","https://openalex.org/W4225639054","https://openalex.org/W2533590149","https://openalex.org/W4293267999","https://openalex.org/W2560154230","https://openalex.org/W2964898233","https://openalex.org/W2029494570","https://openalex.org/W2129331087","https://openalex.org/W2539126704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"detection":[1,108],"of":[2,42,49,69],"singular":[3,105],"region":[4,106],"using":[5,97],"ground-penetrating":[6],"radar":[7],"(GPR)":[8],"is":[9,61,101,114],"very":[10],"useful":[11],"in":[12],"assessing":[13],"roadway":[14],"pavement,":[15],"bridge":[16],"deck":[17],"concrete":[18],"structure,":[19],"and":[20,36,109],"railroad":[21],"ballast":[22],"conditions.":[23],"To":[24],"locate":[25],"an":[26,56],"object":[27],"within":[28],"the":[29,40,50,67,76,80],"large":[30],"radargram":[31],"involves":[32],"extensive":[33],"computational":[34,87],"resources":[35],"time,":[37],"especially":[38],"when":[39],"data":[41,53,77,92],"interests":[43],"only":[44],"possess":[45],"a":[46],"small":[47],"portion":[48],"whole":[51],"big":[52],"set.":[54],"Therefore,":[55],"efficient":[57],"GPR":[58],"signal-processing":[59],"technique":[60],"highly":[62],"demanded.":[63],"This":[64],"paper":[65],"proposes":[66],"use":[68],"2-D":[70],"entropy":[71],"analysis":[72,96,121],"to":[73,79],"narrow":[74],"down":[75],"scope":[78],"interested":[81],"regions,":[82],"which":[83],"can":[84],"considerably":[85],"reduce":[86],"cost":[88],"for":[89,104],"more":[90],"sophisticated":[91],"postprocessing.":[93],"Joint":[94],"time-frequency":[95],"short-time":[98],"Fourier":[99],"transform":[100],"then":[102],"performed":[103],"location":[107],"refinement.":[110],"The":[111,120],"proposed":[112],"methodology":[113],"tested":[115],"with":[116,126],"different":[117],"laboratory":[118],"setups.":[119],"results":[122],"show":[123],"good":[124],"agreement":[125],"physical":[127],"configurations.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}