{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076334843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2313032","title":"Doppler Radar Motion Sensor With CMOS Digital DC-Tuning VGA and Inverter-Based Sigma-Delta Modulator","display_name":"Doppler Radar Motion Sensor With CMOS Digital DC-Tuning VGA and Inverter-Based Sigma-Delta Modulator","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076334843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2313032","mag":"2076334843"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2014.2313032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2313032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110148697","display_name":"Yihong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066017923","display_name":"Changzhan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-9788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changzhan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074995583","display_name":"Yiran Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-2079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084113243","display_name":"Richard Gale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Gale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025738581","display_name":"Changzhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-4506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changzhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3466,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80561013,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"11","first_page":"2666","last_page":"2674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-sigma-modulation","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","score":0.5673800110816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5227373242378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-graphics-array","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","score":0.5166592597961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5023660659790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.4302310347557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4232962131500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.38446858525276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3292704224586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.31790149211883545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68754193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184820","display_name":"Delta-sigma modulation","level":3,"score":0.5673800110816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5227373242378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139983466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17194","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","level":3,"score":0.5166592597961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5023660659790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.4302310347557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4232962131500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38446858525276184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3292704224586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.31790149211883545}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2014.2313032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2313032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G119082188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1131506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4846275961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1254838","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540467644","https://openalex.org/W1984034530","https://openalex.org/W1995007280","https://openalex.org/W2008227309","https://openalex.org/W2017194250","https://openalex.org/W2025175629","https://openalex.org/W2029758370","https://openalex.org/W2036126026","https://openalex.org/W2038323669","https://openalex.org/W2048249809","https://openalex.org/W2051792094","https://openalex.org/W2058052959","https://openalex.org/W2061202887","https://openalex.org/W2065808645","https://openalex.org/W2079425968","https://openalex.org/W2085177768","https://openalex.org/W2090692936","https://openalex.org/W2094524519","https://openalex.org/W2099743383","https://openalex.org/W2100210993","https://openalex.org/W2104057197","https://openalex.org/W2109178308","https://openalex.org/W2111222782","https://openalex.org/W2128500107","https://openalex.org/W2133225252","https://openalex.org/W2135301109","https://openalex.org/W2143491696","https://openalex.org/W2145784584","https://openalex.org/W2162632502","https://openalex.org/W2164754122","https://openalex.org/W2171395115","https://openalex.org/W6679033022","https://openalex.org/W6685651266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360664843","https://openalex.org/W2364087260","https://openalex.org/W2390465755","https://openalex.org/W2094322362","https://openalex.org/W2351631418","https://openalex.org/W2353540338","https://openalex.org/W2367611520","https://openalex.org/W2156243629","https://openalex.org/W2370092517","https://openalex.org/W2341131896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"most":[1],"of":[2,51,105,114,148,154,196],"the":[3,14,23,41,52,86,90,112,115,130,133,141,145,149,152,155,163,171,178,193,197,204,226],"traditional":[4],"miniature":[5],"Doppler":[6,215],"radar":[7,56,172,216],"systems,":[8],"ac":[9,31],"coupling":[10,32],"is":[11,70],"adopted":[12],"between":[13],"radio":[15],"frequency":[16,37,104,195],"front-end":[17],"and":[18,39,79,132,177,187,207],"baseband":[19],"amplifier":[20,63],"to":[21,27,35,75,84,190],"block":[22],"dc":[24,42,77,80],"offset":[25,81],"due":[26],"clutter":[28],"reflection.":[29],"However,":[30],"causes":[33],"distortion":[34],"low":[36,185,188],"signals":[38,88],"loses":[40],"information,":[43],"which":[44,126],"represents":[45],"slowly":[46],"changing":[47],"or":[48],"stationary":[49],"moment":[50],"target.":[53],"A":[54],"dc-coupled":[55],"sensor":[57,173,217],"system":[58,218],"using":[59,144],"a":[60,92,123,200,214,220],"variable":[61],"gain":[62],"(VGA)":[64],"with":[65],"software-configured":[66],"digital":[67,119,157,165],"tuning":[68,78],"architecture":[69],"presented":[71,116,164,205],"in":[72,151,225],"this":[73],"paper":[74],"realize":[76],"calibration.":[82],"Furthermore,":[83,136],"process":[85],"output":[87,118,156],"from":[89,111,174],"VGA,":[91],"novel":[93],"low-voltage":[94],"low-power":[95,221],"inverter-based":[96,179],"second-order":[97],"sigma-delta":[98,180],"modulator":[99,117,181,208],"has":[100],"been":[101],"developed.":[102],"The":[103],"mechanical":[106],"motion":[107,142],"can":[108,127,138,168,182],"be":[109],"detected":[110],"spectrum":[113,153],"bit":[120,158],"stream":[121],"without":[122,199],"decimation":[124,201],"filter,":[125],"significantly":[128],"reduce":[129],"cost":[131],"power":[134,189],"consumption.":[135],"it":[137],"potentially":[139],"detect":[140,192],"amplitude":[143],"relative":[146],"strength":[147],"harmonics":[150],"steam.":[159],"Experiments":[160],"show":[161,209],"that":[162],"dc-tuning":[166],"VGA":[167,206],"completely":[169],"relieve":[170],"circuit":[175],"saturation":[176],"perform":[183],"under":[184],"voltage":[186],"accurately":[191],"movement":[194],"target":[198],"filter.":[202],"Both":[203],"great":[210],"potential":[211],"for":[212],"integrating":[213],"into":[219],"high-accuracy":[222],"single":[223],"chip":[224],"future.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}